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MYCO VIRO🧬 > (P) Lec 1: INTRO TO VIROLOGY > Flashcards

(P) Lec 1: INTRO TO VIROLOGY Flashcards

1
Q

1st written record of a virus infection consists of a ____________ from ______________ depecting ______________

A

Hieroglyph
Memphis, Egypt
Siptah

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2
Q

A temple priest showing typical clinical signs of paralytic.

A

Siptah

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3
Q

“Viro”

A

Virus

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4
Q

“Logy”

A

Study

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5
Q

Branch of microbiology that deals and focuses on the study of viruses.

A

VIROLOGY

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6
Q

What is studied in virology?

A

ALL ABOUT VIRUS
Properties
Structures
Classification
Pathogenicity
Their ways in causing diseases
Multiplication cycle

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7
Q

Ancient writing which usually comes from Egypt.

A

Hieroglyph

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8
Q

Where does Hieroglyph is written? (Medium)

A

Stone

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9
Q

Hieroglyph can be the mode of communication in Egypt in the ancient times. (T or F)

A

TRUE

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10
Q

The very first recorded viral infection according to history was

A

POLIOVIRUS (POLIOMYELITIS)

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11
Q

POLIOMYELITIS targets the _______________, that is why the signs and symptoms focuses on the ____________ side.

A

Central Nervous System
Paralytic

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12
Q

Small Pox is caused by the ___________.

A

Pox virus or Poxviridae

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13
Q

In 1196 BC, he is believed to have died/ succumbed to SMALLPOX.

A

Pharoh Ramses V

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14
Q

In 1196, pustular lesions on the face of the mummy & those of more past patients are being compared. (T or F)

A

FALSE (recent patients)

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15
Q

Very first attempt for vaccination process.

A

Variolation

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16
Q

Difference of variolation with vaccination.

A

Variolation is targeted specifically on small pox.

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17
Q

In 1000 BC ___________ was endemic in China in response , the practice of ____________ was developed.

A

Small Pox
Variolation

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18
Q

In 1000 BC, those who acquire small pox also acquires lesions, as it is acquired by inhilation of powderized small pox lesion. Then, the Chinese people gets the lesion, then they dry it out and powderized it which is inhaled by the population which develops the practice of Variolation. (T or F)

A

TRUE

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19
Q

In 1976, he was one of the first recipient of a vaccine, wherein a dried cowpox material is injected on him.

A

James Phipps (8 years old)

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20
Q

What is the date wherein e JAMES PHIPPS (8-yr old) using cowpox infected material of Sarah
Nemes (milkmaid)?

A

May 14, 1796

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21
Q

She was infected by a cowpox infected material which comes from James Phipps.

A

Sarah Nemes

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22
Q

What is the date wherein Edward Jenner challenged the boy by deliberately inoculating him with
material from a real case of smallpox?

A

July 1, 1796

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23
Q

____________ challenged James Phipps by deliberately inoculating him with a material from a real case ___________.

A

Edward Jenner
Small pox

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24
Q

General Characteristics of Viruses

A
  • OBLIGATE INTRACELLULAR PARASITES
  • Possess their own genomes
  • Do not grow in artificial culture media
  • Small infectious units (measured in nanometer; about 20 –300 nm in diameter)
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25
Q

Viruses requires a ____________ to survive.

A

Living cell

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26
Q

Genetic elements of a virus

A

DNA
RNA

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27
Q

Viruses only contains one genetic material. NEVER BOTH which helps to differentiate with other microorganism. (T or F)

A

TRUE

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28
Q

Genetic elements that can replicate only inside a ____________.

A

Living cell

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29
Q

It is needed for genetic elements or viruses can replicate.

A

Living cell

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30
Q

Viruses are dependent on the ____________ for energy, metabolic intermediates, and protein synthesis

A

Host cell

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31
Q

What will happen if virus is outside the cell?

A

It dries out causing them to die.

  • As it requires them a living cell to survive which happens in genetic replication.
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32
Q

Viruses do not grow in an artificial media, but they grow in __________, ___________, and ____________.

A

Grow in cell culture, chick embryo, animals

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33
Q

If viruses will grow in vitro (in lab), then viruses will be identified by a _____________.

A

Cell culture line

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34
Q

Viruses is measure using a ___________

A

Nanometer

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35
Q

Size of a virus in diameter

A

20-300nm

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36
Q

It is the one that can be used to examine or study the viruses.

A

Electron Microscope

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37
Q

It is required for the direct examination of the viruses wherein the virus or virus’ structure can be seen.

A

Electron microscope

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38
Q

Bright field microscope can be used to examine viruses. (T or F)

A

TRUE

In a bright field microscope, we are INDIRECTLY examining it. As we only see the cell changes in the virus, and it changes as it is affected by a virus.

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39
Q

Cell change in the virus requires a _____________.

A

Live cell

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40
Q

Cell change that happens in a virally infected host cell.

A

Cytopathic effect (CPE)

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41
Q

Cytopathic effect (CPE) is a cell change that happens in a ____________.

A

Virally infected host cell

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42
Q

CPE cannot be seen using a brightfield microscope. (T or F)

A

FALSE (can)

Ex: agent of a chicken pox (Varicella Zoster Virus which causes ballooning of cells) which indicates the infection of a small pox.

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43
Q

Smallest animal virus

A

Parvovirus

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44
Q

Largest animal virus

A

Pox virus

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45
Q

Viral components

A
  1. Nucleic acid genome (RNA or DNA)
  2. Protective protein coat
     Capsomeres
     Glycoprotein spikes
46
Q

Nucleic acid genome is protected by a protective protein coat called _____________.

A

Capsid

47
Q

Capsid is made up of ____________

A

Protein

48
Q

Viruses that contains a capsid that has an envelope underneath.

A

ENVELOPED VIRUS

49
Q

Components of an Enveloped virus

A

Membrane Lipids, Proteins and Glycoproteins

50
Q

Enveloped viruses are difficult to acquire, as it can be spread in n large droplets, secretions, organ transplants, and blood transfusions. (T or F)

A

TRUE

51
Q

Enveloped viruses cannot survive intestinal tract and it does not need to kill a cell to survive. (T or F)

A

TRUE

52
Q

Enveloped virus must not stay wet. (T or F)

A

FALSE (it needs moisture)

53
Q

Enveloped virus may need _____________ and ___________ for protection and control.

A

Antibody and Cell-mediated immune response

54
Q

Enveloped virus elicits hypersensitivity and inflammation to cause ______________.

A

Immunopathogenesis

55
Q

Enveloped virus is Environmentally LABILE-disrupted by the following:

A

Acid , Detergents, Drying, Heat

56
Q

Enveloped virus modifies ___________ during replication.

A

Cell membrane

57
Q

Enveloped virus is released by

A

budding and cell lysis

58
Q

If the virus does not contain capsid, it is called as ___________

A

NAKED VIRUS

59
Q

Component of Naked Virus

A

Protein

60
Q

It makes the naked virus environmentally stable that can withstand harsh and different changing environment.

A

Protein

61
Q

Naked virus can dry out and retain infectivity that makes it spread easily. (T or F)

A

TRUE

62
Q

Mode of transmission of naked virus

A

on fomites, from hand to hand, by dust, by small droplets

63
Q

Naked virus can survive the adverse conditions of the gut
and it is resistant to detergents and poor sewage treatment. (T or F)

A

TRUE

64
Q

Antibody may be sufficient for immunoprotection for Naked virus. (T or F)

A

TRUE

65
Q

There are instances that enveloped virus modifies a host cell membrane which produces _______________.

A

GLYCOPROTEIN SPIKES

66
Q

It can only occur in an enveloped virus.

A

GLYCOPROTEIN SPIKES

67
Q

GLYCOPROTEIN SPIKES comes from the _____________.

A

Host cell membrane

68
Q

Cell membrane can be modified during replication which causes the production of glycoprotein spike. (T or F)

A

TRUE

69
Q

Basis for the symmetry or shape is _______________.

A

NUCLEOCAPSID STRUCTURES

70
Q

A term refers to the presence of combination of a nucleic acid and capsid of the virus.

A

NUCLEOCAPSID STRUCTURES

71
Q

NUCLEOCAPSID STRUCTURES can also be associated as _____________.

A

VIRION or VIRAL PARTICLE

72
Q

VIRION is made up of

A

nucleic acid and capsid
or nucleic acid and protein.

73
Q

NUCLEOCAPSID STRUCTURES

A
  1. Icosahedral structure (cubic)
  2. Helical structure
  3. Complex structure (Poxviridae)
74
Q

All viruses follow this multiplication cycle.

A

VIRAL MULTIPLICATION CYCLE

75
Q

VIRAL MULTIPLICATION CYCLE

A
  1. Adsorption (Recognition and Attachment)
  2. Penetration
  3. Uncoating
  4. Synthetic phase
  5. Assembly
  6. Release
76
Q

IDENTIFY THE STAGE OF THE VIRAL MULTIPLICATION CYCLE

Recognizes host cell and attaches the cell on its host cell.

A

ADSORPTION

77
Q

By _____________, it recognizes the host cell and attach to it.

A

Cell adhesion molecules

78
Q

During adsorption, majority of viruses look for the _____________ as its cell adhesion molecule or host cell.

A

Glycoprotein

79
Q

Instead of glycoprotein, this virus finds immunoglobulin superfamily molecule for cell adhesion.

A

POLIOVIRUS

80
Q

instead of glycoprotein, this virus finds sialic acid for cell adhesion.

A

INFLUENZA VIRUS

81
Q

instead of glycoprotein, this virus finds CD4+ for cell adhesion.

A

HIV

82
Q

instead of glycoprotein, this virus finds Acetylcholinesterase enzyme (ACE) for cell adhesion.

A

COVID/SarsCov2

83
Q

How does NAKED VIRUS penetrates the cell?

A

PENETRATE DIRECTLY

84
Q

How does ENVELOPED VIRUS penetrates the cell?

A

Enter by Endocytosis process or by vacoules

85
Q

IDENTIFY THE STAGE OF THE VIRAL MULTIPLICATION CYCLE

Removes capsid to free the genome (DNA/RNA)

A

UNCOATING STAGE

86
Q

IDENTIFY THE STAGE OF THE VIRAL MULTIPLICATION CYCLE

New genome is being synthesized. (NEW DNA/RNA)

A

SYNTHETIC STAGE

87
Q

Synthetic stage usually happens in the _____________.

A

Nucleus

88
Q

IDENTIFY THE STAGE OF THE VIRAL MULTIPLICATION CYCLE

Release a newly formed Virion by cell lysis. If it is an enveloped type of virus, virions are released by BUDDING.

A

RELEASE STAGE

89
Q

Newly formed virions are being released by ___________. If it is an enveloped type of virus, virions are released by _______________.

A

Cell lysis
Budding

90
Q

ICVT

A

International Committee on Viral Taxonomy

91
Q

Virus Classification based on 4 major properties of viruses

A
  1. Type of nucleic acid
  2. Symmetry and shape of the capsid
  3. Presence or absence of envelope
  4. Size of the virus particle
92
Q

IDENTIFY THE VIRUS ACCORDING TO THE VIRUS CLASSIFICATION

Type of Nucleic acid

A

DNA VIRUS
RNA VIRUS

93
Q

IDENTIFY THE VIRUS ACCORDING TO THE VIRUS CLASSIFICATION

Symmetry and shape of the capsid

A

ICOSAHEDRAL VIRUS
HELICAL VIRUS

94
Q

IDENTIFY THE VIRUS ACCORDING TO THE VIRUS CLASSIFICATION

Presence or absence of envelope

A

NAKED VIRUS
ENVELOPED VIRUS

95
Q

Smallest RNA virus

A

Picornavirus (Enterovirus)

96
Q

Largest RNA virus

A

Paramyxovirus

97
Q

DNA VIRUSES

A

Hepadnaviridae
Herpesviridae
Adenoviridae
Poxviridae
Parvoviridae
PaPoVaViridae (Papilloma, Polyoma, Vacoulated Viruses)

98
Q

CLASSIFICATION OF DNA VIRUSES

A
  1. All are double straded DNA virus, except PARVOVIRIDAE which is a single stranded DNA virus.
  2. All icosahendral, except POXVIRIDAE that has a complex structure.
  3. All multiplies in the nucleus, except POXVIRIDAE which multiplies in the cytoplasm
  4. Naked DNA viruses is PAP (Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, and PaPoVaviridae)
99
Q

All DNA viruses are double straded DNA virus, except ______________ which is a single stranded DNA virus.

A

PARVOVIRIDAE

100
Q

All DNA viruses are icosahendral, except _____________ that has a complex structure.

A

POXVIRIDAE

101
Q

All DNA viruses multiplies in the nucleus, except ______________ which multiplies in the cytoplasm.

A

POXVIRIDAE

102
Q

Naked DNA viruses is a____________

A

(Parvoviridae, Adenoviridae, and PaPoVaviridae)

103
Q

CLASSIFICATIONS OF RNA VIRUSES

A
  1. All single stranded RNA, except REOVIRUS that is a double stranded RNA.
  2. Naked RNA virus: Picornavirus, Calicivirus, and Reovirus
  3. Majority are non-segmented: genome is composed only a single block. But there are segmented or divided into segments: ROBA (Reovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Bunyvirus, and Arenavirus.
  4. Majority are helical, except positive sense viruses which demonstrates a positive sense strand that acts as mRNA or have direct translation which are usually the Icosahedral RNA (Calicivirus, Flavivirus, Pucornavirus, Togavirus, Coronavirus, and Retrovirus). The rest of the RNA have negative sense strand that has a helical structure, if they will go translation process they must be converted first as positive sense strand.
104
Q

All RNA viruses are single stranded, except ____________ that is a double stranded RNA.

A

REOVIRUS

105
Q

Naked RNA virus

A

Picornavirus, Calicivirus, and Reovirus

106
Q

Majority of RNA viruses are non-segmented that is composed of a single block, but there are those that are still segmented. (T or F)

A

TRUE

107
Q

Segmented RNA viruses

A

Reovirus, Orthomyxovirus, Bunyvirus, and Arenavirus.

108
Q

Majority are helical (negative sense strand), except icosahedral (positive sense viruses) which demonstrates a positive sense strand that acts as mRNA or have direct translation. (T or F)

A

TRUE

109
Q

Icosahedral RNA viruses (Sense strand)

A

Positive sense strand

110
Q

Icosahedral RNA viruses

A

Calicivirus, Flavivirus, Pucornavirus, Togavirus, Coronavirus, and Retrovirus

111
Q

Helical RNA viruses

A

Negative sense strand

112
Q

If RNA viruses that has a negative strand or helical structure will go to a translation process, they must be converted first as positive sense strand. (T or F)

A

TRUE

MYCO VIRO🧬 (7 decks)

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