P+H syllabus outline and sources Flashcards
What was the geographical context of these two cities.
Name four sources which confirms this.
Located in the fertile lands of Campania, with the Mediterranean seas surrounding.
- Sea life mosaic from the House of Faun
- Remains of fish bones
- Fruit seeds found in human excrement
- Pliny the Elder- “lands so fertile”
Describe the events of the eruption.
Provide two sources which affirm this.
Two stages; the first lasting for 12 hours and having earth tremors, rain of pumice, piles of ash. second stage lasting for 6 hours, with numerous pyroclastic surges, killing the inhabitants, and burying the towns.
- Pliny the Younger- “clouds of extraordinary size appeared”
- New excavation challenges assumption that eruption occurred on 24th of August, inscription dated mid October proves this impossible
How would you describe the economies of these two towns?
Provide five sources
The economy of Pompeii was flourishing, due to the variety of occupations provided by the fertile lands and abundant seas.
- The Macellum (trade, commerce, industries)
- Estate of Julia Felix (occupations)
- Asellina’s tavern (occupations)
- Fullery of Stephanus
- Bakery of Modesto
Introduce the social structure, and different classes of P+H
Provide seven sources confirming this
Made up of men, women, freedmen, slaves. Strict hierarchy.
- Statue of Marcus Nonius Balbus (local elite, men)
- Asellina’s tavern, programmata, “Asellina’s girls… ask that… become duumvir” (women)
- Estate of Julia Felix (women)
- Statue of Eumachia (women)
- Pamealia Bradley- “a freed woman… had slaves of her own” (freedmen)
- Vetti brothers (freedmen)
- Bracelet engraved- “from a master to his slave girl” (slaves)
Describe what three levels comprised the local political life in these towns.
Provide six pieces of evidence to back this up
Magistrates, Decurioum, Comitium.
Magistrates administered the city and comprised of two junior aediles, responsible for upkeep of city, and two senior duumvir, responsible for finance and law.
Assisted by the Decurioum, who controlled finances, religion, public buildings, 100 men.
Comitium were all adult male citizens, who elected magistrates.
- Statue of Marcus Nonius Balbus
- Statue of Augustus, first Roman emporer
- Asellina’s tavern programmata
- Eumachia
- Over 2000 pieces of graffiti are electoral notices
- Basilica
Describe the aspects of everyday life.
Provide five sources to affirm
Everyday life was made up of leisure activities, food and dining, clothing, health, baths, water supply and sanitisation.
- Sea life mosaic from House of Faun (health, food and dining, leisure activities)
- CT scans on plaster casts of women, men, children, dogs, and even boars (food and dining, health)
- Led pipes used for water (health, sanitisation, water supply)
- Fullery of Stephanus (clothing, sanitation)
- Estate of Julia Felix (baths, leisure)
Name four public buildings
- Asellina’s tavern
- Estate of Julia Felix
- Basilica
- Temple of Apollo
Name two examples of private buildings
- House of Faun
- Villa of mysteries
In which aspects do Greek and Egyptian cultures influence the Roman culture?
Provide five example of such
Can influence in art, architecture, religion.
- Estate of Julia Felix (Greek influence of architecture) columns
- Estate of Julia Felix (Egyptian influence of art and religion) Isis in paintings
- The house of Faun (Greek influence of art and religion) Faun connected to gods from Greek mythology, bronze statue of art
- Temple of isis (Egyptian influence of religion)
Name four impacts of changing archaeological methods
- Fiorelli’s 19th century techniques of creating plaster casts- CT scans on plaster casts of women, men, children, dogs, and boars
- Spinazzola- 20th century- excavated along the main road of Pompeii. Revealed the architectural features of the buildings
- Mauri- 20th century- credited for heaps of excavations. They stopped excavating and focused on conserving what had already been uncovered
- Massimo Osanna- most recent- created reording techniques
Name four new technologies and briefly outline why they are good
- Digital photography- enhances recording techniques
- 3D laser scanning- does not pose a threat to valuable artefacts
- Drones- captures footage of the lands, published on website, decreases tourist numbers
- X-ray technologies- provides statistics on the populations and health
Name an example of a consequence of not re-constructing
Name an example of reconstructing
Name what an international organisation has done, in terms of conservation
- Not reconstructed- eroding stairs, collapsed
- Reconstructed- houses- new roof, changes value and appearance of ancient object
- Through lowering tourist numbers and closing off decaying sites, UNESCO stated in 2015, “tangible and significant improvements” had been made.
Name four impacts tourism has
- Backpacks scratching frescoes and hence damaging them
- Hot breathe against frescoes damages them
- Ancient stairs and objects are not designed for the carrying of millions of tourists per year
- Provides great tourism money, used to conserve site, but damages site significantly; litter, stealing, vandalism, damage
Name five ethical issues archaeologists may encounter
- Displaying of human remains
- Testing on human remains
- Excavating real people’s homes
- Herculaneum- studying of human skeletal remains from the boatshed to reveal many taking refuge were children and women.
- Pompeii- plaster casts- some displayed with non-temperature controlled glass cases causing damage, some in storerooms. Before Fiorelli, skeletal remains were disregarded.
