P-Exam

Question 1

Six Features of Morality

Answer 1

People experience a sense of moral obligation and accountability

People experience a sense of moral obligation and accountability, feeling responsible for their actions and their impact on others.

Question 2

Six Features of Morality

Answer 2

Moral values and moral absolutes exist.

The idea is that moral values and moral absolutes exist, meaning there are universal principles of right and wrong that apply to all people, regardless of individual beliefs.

Question 3

Six Features of Morality

Answer 3

Moral law does exist.

Question 4

Six Features of Morality

Answer 4

Moral law is known to humans.

Question 5

Six Features of Morality

Answer 5

Morality is Objective.

Question 6

Six Features of Morality

Answer 6

Moral judgements must be supported by reasons.

Question 7

Why can’t animals be considered truly ethical?

Answer 7

Animals cannot be considered truly ethical because they are not truly autonomous or free to make moral decisions.

Question 8

Why can’t robots be considered moral beings?

Answer 8

Robots cannot be considered moral because they lack freedom or choice and operate based on their built-in programming, not on personal ethical decision-making.

Question 9

What is the main reason animals and robots are not moral agents?

Answer 9

The main reason is their lack of autonomy or freedom to make choices.

Question 10

What does James Rachels argue is required for moral judgments?

Answer 10

James Rachels argues that moral judgments must be backed by sound reasoning and require impartial consideration of all parties involved.

Question 11

What are the minimum requirements for morality according to James Rachels?

Answer 11

The minimum requirements for morality are reason and impartiality.

Question 12

How does reason play a role in morality, according to Rachels?

Answer 12

Reason in morality entails that human feelings may be important in ethical decisions but must be guided by reason.

Question 13

What does impartiality mean in the context of morality?

Answer 13

Impartiality means that each individual’s interests and point of view are equally important, and decisions should be based on objective criteria, not bias or favoritism.

Question 14

Why is impartiality important in moral decision-making?

Answer 14

Impartiality ensures that decisions are made based on justice, not on personal biases or improper reasons that favor one person over another.

Question 15

The Role of Freedom in Morality

Answer 15

The personal aspect of morality.

The personal aspect of morality refers to the individual’s responsibility to make ethical choices based on their own values and judgment.

Question 16

The Role of Freedom in Morality

Answer 16

There is no virtue in being temperate when you are being forced not to indulge.

It’s not virtuous because true temperance comes from choosing to control yourself, not from being forced to do so.

Question 17

The Role of Freedom in Morality

Answer 17

The interpersonal aspect of morality is more about rule following.

The interpersonal aspect of morality focuses on following rules and considering how our actions affect others in society.

Question 19

The Role of Freedom in Morality

Answer 19

When some people are permitted to dominate others, they treat others as merely a means to an end.

When some people are allowed to dominate others, they treat others as a means to an end, rather than respecting them as individuals.

Question 20

The Role of Freedom in Morality

Answer 20

Having a final end does not obviate the need for liberty.

It means that even if there is a final goal or purpose, people still need freedom to make their own choices and decisions.

Question 22

The branch of philosophy that studies morality or the rightness or wrongness of human conduct.

Answer 22

Ethics

Question 23

speaks of a code or system of behavior in regards to standards of right and wrong behavior.

Answer 23

Morality

Question 24

Ethics is derived from the Greek word ______

Answer 24

Ethos

Question 25

Ethos means _____

Answer 25

"character" or in plural "manners"

Question 26

This is particularly concerned with the moral character of human beings.

Answer 26

Virtue Ethics

Question 27

In which actions are judged by their merits, allowing societies to develop codes of conduct of behavior.

Answer 27

Normative

Question 28

Define or ask what do people think is moral. This branch of ethics does not claim that things are right or wrong but simply studies how individuals or societies define their morals.

Answer 28

Descriptive Ethics

Question 29

must be a living creature, as they must be able to comprehend abstract moral principles and apply them to decision making.

Answer 29

Man as a Moral Agent

Question 30

He was the first to discuss moral responsibility. He stated that it is “sometimes appropriate to respond an agent with praise or blame on the basis of his/her actions and/or dispositional traits of character”.

Answer 30

Aristotle

Question 31

Refer to a set of guidelines which have been put in a place in different countries and communities and have been accepted by all.

Answer 31

Rules

Question 32

is concerned with other people’s interest with the interests of society, with God’s interest with ”ultimate goods"

Answer 32

Ethics

Question 33

are specific set of norms of behavior, regulations and laws established on purpose to regulate the life in community.

Answer 33

Rules

Question 34

Refers to the rules that are unrelated to moral or ethical considerations.

Answer 34

Non-Moral Standards

Question 35

Refers to the norms of correct conduct in polite society or, more generally, to any special code of of social behavior or courtesy.

Answer 35

Etiquette

Question 36

are laws enacted by legislative bodies. The law that defines and prohibits theft is a statutes. Congress and state legislatures enact statutes.

Answer 36

Statutes

Question 37

refers to a situation in which a tough choice has to be made between two or more options, especially more or less equally undesirable ones.

Answer 37

Dilemma

Question 38

is a conflict in which you have to choose between to or more actions and have moral reasons for choosing each action. What is common to the two well-known cases is conflict.

Answer 38

Moral Dilemma

Question 39

are those experienced and resolved on a personal level.

Answer 39

Personal Dilemma

Question 40

it refers to ethical cases encountered and resolved by social organizations.

Answer 40

Organizational Dilemma

Question 41

refer to cases involving network of institutions and operative theoretical paradigms

Answer 41

Structural Dilemma

Question 42

as a requirement for morality entails that human feelings may be important in ethical decisions but they ought to be guided by reason.

Answer 42

Reason

Question 43

it involves the idea that each individual’s interest and point of view are equally important, a principle of justice holding that decisions ought to be based on objective criteria, rather.than based on bias, prejudice, or preferring the benefit to one person over another for improper reasons.

Answer 43

Impartiality

Question 44

is the ability to know what morality requires of us, and functions not as freedom to pursue our ends, but as the power of an agent to act on objective and universally valid rules of conduct, certified by reason alone.

Answer 44

Autonomy

Question 45

is the condition of acting on desires, which are not legislated by reason.

Answer 45

Heteronomy

Question 46

are unconditional moral commands based on the principle of universalizability.

Answer 46

Categorical Imperatives

Question 47

are moral commands that only apply if we have certain desires or goals and are based on the principle of that could be universally applied to all rational beings.

Answer 47

Hypothetical Imperatives

Question 48

it is a quality that some people have more than others: the cultured somebody is depend on some factors like status, class, education, taste in music or film, and speech habits

Answer 48

Culture

Question 49

The most dominant form of moral relativism, defines moral at was is socially approved by the majority in a particular culture.

Answer 49

Cultural Relativism

Question 50

Provide systematic frameworks for understanding and evaluating moral issues.

Answer 50

Ethical Theories and Approaches

Question 51

ethical theory focuses on the outcomes or consequences of actions to determine their moral value.

Answer 51

Consequentialist

Question 52

Evaluate the morality of individual actions based on their consequences.

Answer 52

Act Utilitarianism

Question 53

Focuses on following rules.

Answer 53

Rule Utilitarianism

Question 54

Focuses on actions’ inherent rightness or wrongness, rather than their consequences.

Answer 54

Deontology

Question 55

Emphasizes the importance of good character traits, or virtues in living a morally good life.

Answer 55

Virtue Ethics

Question 56

Individuals agree to follow certain rules and laws to secure social order, stability, and protection of their rights.

Answer 56

Contractarianism and Social Contract

Question 57

Focuses on addressing gender-based inequalities, power imbalances, and discrimination in moral theories and practices.

Answer 57

Feminist Ethics

Question 58

Emphasizes the importance of relationships, empathy, and care in moral decision-making.

Answer 58

Care Ethics

Question 59

Moral values and principles are not universal but depend on cultural, social, or individual contexts.

Answer 59

Relativism

Question 60

Often contrast relativism.

Answer 60

Absolutism

Question 61

Individuals should act in their self-interest, promoting their well-being, happiness, and long-term benefits.

Answer 61

Ethical Egoism

Question 62

Pleasure is the ultimate goal and the foundation of moral decision-making.

Answer 62

Hedonism

Question 63

Moral values and principles can be derived from facts about the natural world and human nature.

Answer 63

Naturalism

Question 64

Focuses on the individual’s experience and the importance of personal choice, freedom, and responsibility in shaping one’s existence.

Answer 64

Existentialism

Question 65

is the most stringent.

Answer 65

Kantian Sense