P & C Manual Flashcards
What is risk?
The uncertainty of loss.
What is another term for risk?
Exposure
What is a “pure” risk?
They involve only the possibility of loss, as opposed to speculative risks, which involve the possibility of loss or gain.
What is meant by “insurable interest”?
Even if a risk is insurable in the general sense, you may not insure it unless you are the person who will suffer the financial loss.
What is meant by the fact that insuring the Risk must be “affordable”?
The risk must not be so great that the premiums required to fund loss payments would be prohibitively high.
What is meant by the fact that a loss must not happen to a large number of insureds at the same time?
If a great number of insureds were to suffer a loss at the same time, it would be catastrophic for the insurance company. A company would not want to insure every home in a small town because a fire or tornado might destroy the entire town. Instead, the company would insure homes in many towns and states to spread the risk.
What is a peril?
A cause of a loss.
What is a hazard?
Something that increases the chance of loss.
What are the three types of hazards and describe
a. Physical–occupying property next to a hazardous site, having faulty brakes on your car, worn wiring in your home, lack of pride of ownership
b. Morale–This is someone with carelessness of attitude, someone who is irresponsible. They go through life saying, “Why should i worry, I have insurance?”
c. Moral–The most dangerous hazard. These are people who purchase insurance with intent to commit fraud.
What are the four elements of a legally enforceable contract?
- Competent parties–legal incompetency examples: insane, those under the influence of alcohol or drugs, and minors
- Must be for legal purpose–they are not enforceable if they are illegal, immoral, or against public policy
- Offer and Acceptance–must be an agreement between 2 parties
- Consideration–each party must commit something of value. The insured’s consideration is the policy premium. The company’s consideration is its promise to pay losses subject to the conditions specified in the insurance contract.
What is a principle of indemnity?
This means that when a loss occurs, insureds should be restored to the approximate financial condition they were in before the loss. They should not suffer financially from the loss, not should they be allowed to gain from it.
What is a unilateral contract?
A contract that requires that a promise be exchanged for an act.
What is a contract of utmost good faith?
This means that the parties have a duty to disclose to each other all material facts relating to the contract.
What is a conditional contract?
It contains a number of conditions that both the insured and the insurer must comply with
What are “conditions”?
The responsibilities and obligations of each party–what the insured must do in the event of a loss, etc.
What is an endorsement?
These are attached to the policy in order to modify it in some way
All of the following are techniques for handling risk EXCEPT:
a. avoidance
b. loss control
c. retention
d. speculation
d. speculation
The law of large numbers states:
a. Future losses are unpredictable.
b. It is possible to precisely predict losses for groups of people.
c. The more examples used to develop a statistic, the more reliable the statistic will be.
d. A small sample of losses can be used to develop rates.
c. The more examples used to develop a statistic, the more reliable the statistic will be.
All of the following are elements of insurability EXCEPT:
a. There must be an insurable interest
b. Insuring the risk must be affordable
c. The loss must happen to a large number of people at the same time.
d. The loss must be calculable
c. The loss must happen to a large number of people at the same time.
Having worn tires is an example of:
a. A physical hazard
b. A moral hazard
c. A morale hazard
d. a peril
a. A physical hazard
All of the following are elements of a legally enforceable contract EXCEPT:
a. a legal purpose
b. a signature of both parties
c. competent parties
d. consideration
b. a signature of both parties
Being placed in the same financial positions after a loss as before the loss is an example of:
a. the principle of alienation
b. the principle of adherence
c. the principle of indemnity
d. the principle of personality
c. the principle of indemnity
All of the following are parts of an insurance policy EXCEPT:
a. conditions
b. definitions
c. insuring agreement
d. binder
d. binder
A form which modifies coverage is called:
a. an binder
b. a modification form
c. an endorsement
d. a change form
c. an endorsement
What kind of company is organized as a corporation in the business of providing insurance, where the stockholders own the business and are entitled to its profits?
Stock Companies
What kind of company is not incorporated and does not issue stock, but rather its policyholders, who also elect its managers, own the company?
Mutual Companies
What kind of company is no incorporated but is managed by an attorney-in-fact, who assures that the loss-sharing agreements are carried out?
Reciprocal Companies
In what kind of company are certain types of insurance are offered or subsidized by the state or federal government?
Residential Market Insurance (Government Insurers)
What type of insurance insures against the economic loss caused when things we own are damaged or destroyed?
Property Insurance
What is the formula for loss ratio?
losses/premium=loss ratio
What is derived by comparing paid claims to premiums?
Loss Ratio
What compares the company’s expenses to premiums?
Expense Ratio
What is a person who stands in a special relationship of trust to another person?
A fiduciary
What is giving a customer anything of value not specified in the policy in order to induce a sale?
Rebating–typical rebate is giving a customer part or all of the commission on a sale
A company that is formed as a corporation and owned by investors is called a:
a. mutual company
b. stock company
c. residual company
d. fraternal company
b. stock company
Policyholders are owners of which of the following type of company:
a. reinsurance company
b. mutual company
c. fire company
d. Lloyd’s company
b. mutual company
Insurance offered by or subsidized by government entities is called the:
a. reciprocal market
b. residual market
c. refinancing market
d. reimbursement market
b. residual market
All of the following are roles of an insurance agent EXCEPT:
a. interpret contracts for clients
b. countersign policies
c. provide a link between the policyholder and company
d. collect the initial policy premium
a. interpret contracts for clients
Powers given to an agent in the agency contract are called:
a. implied authority
b. apparent authority
c. express authority
d. written authority
c. express authority
Agents who are independent business people contracted to write only for one company are called:
a. direct writing agents
b. independent agents
c. exclusive agents
d. direct response agents
c. exclusive agents
An insurance agent primarily represents:
a. the customer
b. the broker
c. the company
d. a 3rd party
c. the company
The insurance company department that evaluates applications for eligibility and determines proper pricing is:
a. claims
b. auditing
c. underwriting
d. legal
c. underwriting
The insurance company department that uses data to develop rates is called:
a. actuarial
b. marketing
c. rating
d. investment
a. actuarial
Insurance companies that share the risk with another company is called:
a. an intermediary company
b. a reinsurance company
c. a post-risk company
d. a financial guarantee company
b. a reinsurance company
A company that is licensed to conduct business in the state is called:
a. an admitted company
b. a non-admitted company
c. an alien company
d. a reciprocal company
a. an admitted company
All the following are considered “unfair trade practices” except:
a. rebating
b. twisting
c. unfair discrimination
d. representation
d. representation
Requiring that forms and rates be filed before they can be used is called:
a. prior approval
b. file and use
c. use and file
d. open competition
b. file and use
The ratio determined by comparing paid claims to premiums is called:
a. expense ratio
b. combined ratio
c. loss ratio
d. claims ratio
c. loss ratio
Insurance departments review rates to determine they are all the following except:
a. adequate
b. fairly distributed
c. not excessive
d. fairly discriminatory
b. fairly distributed
What is the withholding of material facts from the insurance company?
Concealment
What is a written or verbal misstatement of a material fact involved in the contract on which the insurer relies?
Misrepresentation
What is a deliberate misrepresentation that causes financial harm?
Fraud
What is a specified agreement made between the insured and the insurer that certain conditions will be met?
Warranty
What, in insurance terminology, is giving up a known right or privilege?
A waiver
What does it mean when coverage will be continued through to a policy’s expiration date but not beyond?
Non-renewal
What is termination of coverage in advance of the policy’s expiration?
Cancellation
The insurance application represents the applicant’s:
a. offer
b. acceptance
c. counteroffer
d. consideration
a. offer
A binder provides:
a. a guaranty that a policy will be issued
b. immediate and temporary coverage
c. free coverage until a policy is issued
d. an extension of permanent coverage
b. immediate and temporary coverage
Which of the following information do underwriters use to determine eligibility of a risk:
a. inspection services
b. MVR’s
c. financial information
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The Fair Credit Reporting Act:
a. provides adverse information to a customer
b. requires disclosure of information to an insurance company
c. protects consumers
d. assures adverse selection
c. protects consumers
Judgment rating is based on:
a. an underwriter’s past experience
b. a rate taken from a rating manual
c. information obtained form an application
d. a court judgment
a. an underwriter’s past experience
The most common method of rating is called:
a. retrospective rating
b. manual or class rating
c. merit rating
d. unclassified rating
b. manual or class rating
All of the following will void an insurance policy EXCEPT:
a. misrepresentation
b. concealment
c. fraud
d. providing an inaccurate middle name
d. providing an inaccurate middle name
A warranty is:
a. a statement the applicant believes to be true
b. a statement that must be material
c. a guarantee that certain conditions will be met
d. a statement the company makes that guarantees the policy will not be cancelled
c. a guarantee that certain conditions will be met
Giving up a known right is known as a:
a. waiver
b. stop gap
c. relinquishment
d. statement of estopped
a. waiver
A cancellation method that allows an insurance company to keep part of the premium in excess of the earned premium is called:
a. pro rata
b. flat rate
c. short rate
d. comp rate
c. short rate
Policies can be standardized by:
a. law
b. a rating organization
c. a company
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The property declaration page contains all the following information except:
a. name of the insured
b. conditions
c. property covered
d. policy period
b. conditions
The part of the policy that describes what property and perils are covered is called:
a. insuring agreement
b. conditions
c. exclusions
d. provisions
a. insuring agreement
Policies that cover all causes of loss not specifically excluded are called:
a. exclusive peril
b. deluxe peril
c. open peril
d. named peril
c. open peril
Losses that occur as the result of a direct loss are called:
a. inconsequential losses
b. fortuitous losses
c. indirect losses
d. non-descript losses
c. indirect losses
Common types of exclusions include:
a. non-accidental losses
b. controllable losses
c. catastrophic losses
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The most common property valuation method is:
a. market value
b. agreed value
c. actual cash value
d. original cost value
c. actual cash value
The purpose of coinsurance is to do all the following except:
a. assure rate adequacy
b. encourage insurance-to-value
c. penalize the insured
d. guarantee that a loss will be paid in full
d. guarantee that a loss will be paid in full
Appraisal and arbitration clauses:
a. help settle disputes about coverage
b. keep the insured and the company out of court
c. are called “alternative dispute resolution” methods
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
If the company broadens a policy without requiring an additional premium, it is called:
a. liberalization
b. waiver
c. subrogation
d. rebating
a. liberalization
What is proximate cause?
Proximate cause is the action, which produced the loss. The loss would not have occurred without the proximate cause.
Liability is defined as:
a. a moral responsibility for another’s loss
b. a legal responsibility for someone’s loss
c. an ethical responsibility for someone’s loss
d. an institutional responsibility for someone’s
b. a legal responsibility for someone’s loss
All of the following are considered “torts” EXCEPT:
a. intentional torts
b. unintentional torts
c. unexceptional torts
d. strict liability torts
c. unexceptional torts
A duty to others can be expressed in terms of degree of care. All the following represent degrees of care EXCEPT:
a. invitee
b. interloper
c. trespasser
d. licensee
b. interloper
If someone’s own negligence contributes to a loss, it is called:
a. contributory negligence
b. statutory negligence
c. compounded negligence
d. comparative negligence
a. contributory negligence
Which of the following are defenses against negligence?
a. contributory negligence
b. assumption of risk
c. statue of limitations
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
When someone is liable for the actions of others, it is called:
a. verbatim liability
b. vindictive liability
c. virtual liability
d. vicarious liability
d. vicarious liability
All the following are types of damages EXCEPT:
a. general
b. special
c. punitive
d. composite
d. composite
Policies that have separate liability limits for bodily injury and property damage are called:
a. split limits
b. single limits
c. aggregate limits
d. divided limits
a. split limits
All the following are dwelling policy forms EXCEPT:
a. basic
b. comprehensive
c. broad
d. special
b. comprehensive
Coverage A in the dwelling form covers:
a. personal property
b. dwelling
c. other structures
d. rental value
b. dwelling
All the following are listed on the dwelling form as “property not covered” EXCEPT:
a. money
b. animals
c. books of account
d. rowboats and canoes
d. rowboats and canoes
When property is taken away from the described location the coverage is:
a. 20% of coverage A
b. 5% of coverage D
c. 10% of coverage C
d. 100% of coverage C
c. 10% of coverage C
Coverage D in the dwelling form is:
a. additional living expense
b. loss of use
c. rental value
d. extra expense
c. rental value
The minimum perils automatically covered by the basic dwelling form are:
a. fire, windstorm, and theft
b. fire, vandalism, and riot
c. fire, lightning and internal explosion
d. fire, hail, and volcanic eruption
c. fire, lightning and internal explosion
The dwelling policy excludes all of the following except:
a. ordinance of law
b. earthquake
c. flood
d. unintentional losses caused by the named insured
d. unintentional losses caused by the named insured
In the basic dwelling form, losses are valued at:
a. replacement cost
b. cost to repair
c. actual cash value
d. functional replacement cost
c. actual cash value
The dwelling broad form covers all of the basic forms perils plus:
a. damage by burglars
b. weight of ice, sleet and snow
c. volcanic eruption
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Both the broad and special dwelling forms provide additional coverage NOT found in the basic form. All of the following are included in the additional coverage EXCEPT:
a. specified peril coverage for lawns, shrubs, trees and plants
b. breakage of glass
c. rental value
d. collapse of buildings
c. rental value
Which of the following are dwelling endorsements?
a. automatic increase in insurance
b. broad form theft coverage
c. liability and medical payments to others
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Which of the following advantages are provided by a package policy?
a. helps prevent gaps in coverage
b. helps prevent overlaps in coverage
c. provides a broad policy at a better price
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
Section I of the homeowners provides all the following coverage EXCEPT:
a. dwelling
b. liability and medical payments to others
c. personal property
d. loss of use
b. liability and medical payments to others
The HO-2 broad form homeowners policy provides:
a. open peril coverage on all property
b. broad named perils on dwellings and basic perils on personal property
c. broad named perils on all property
d. open perils coverage on dwellings and broad named perils on personal property
c. broad named perils on all property
The HO-3 policy is:
a. the most frequently used homeowners form
b. Provides open perils coverage on dwellings and broad named perils on personal property
c. is written for dwelling owners
d. all of the above
d. all of the above
The HO-4 policy is used to provide coverage for:
a. dwelling coverage for homeowners
b. building coverage for apartment building owners
c. personal property of tenants
d. personal property of condominium owners
c. personal property of tenants
The HO-6 policy has one type of property coverage not found in the HO-4 policy:
a. personal property coverage
b. loss of use coverage
c. limited dwelling coverage
d. other structures coverage
c. limited dwelling coverage