P&B Chapter 21

Question 1

Also called volunteer sampling - used when researchers need potential participants to come forward and identify themselves

Answer 1

Convenience Sampling

Question 2

What type of sampling? In-depth interviews with Latino and Caucasian clients with Type 2 diabetes about their dietary and self-management goal behaviors - sampled from a community/migrant health clinic in rural Washington state.

Answer 2

Convenience

Question 3

Also called chain sampling; ask early informants to refer other study participants; tends to be more cost-efficient and practical; weakness is that it can restrict sample to a small social network of participants

Answer 3

Snowball sampling

Question 4

Selecting cases that will most benefit the study (purposeful sampling)

Answer 4

Purposive sampling

Question 5

What are the two general goals of purposive sampling?

Answer 5

1. sampling to find examples that are representative or typical of a broader group on some dimension of interest
2. sampling to set up the possibility of comparisons or replications across different types of cases on a dimension of interest

Question 6

Most widely used method of purposive sampling; purposefully selecting persons (or settings) with a wide range of variation on dimensions of interest; might ensure people with diverse backgrounds are represented in the sample

Answer 6

Maximum variation sampling

Question 7

Deliberately reduces variation and permits more focused inquiry; may use this approach if they wish to understand a particular group of people especially well; often used to select people for group interviews

Answer 7

Homogenous sampling

Question 8

Selecting cases that illustrate or highlight what is typical, average, normal, or representative

Answer 8

Typical case sampling

Question 9

Typical case sampling can be expanded by selecting a _____ ______ _____ of average, above average, and below average cases

Answer 9

Stratified purposive sample

Question 10

Also called outlier sampling; provides opportunities for learning from the most unusual and extreme informants; most often a supplement to other sampling strategies because they can distort the understanding of a phenomenon if used normally

Answer 10

Extreme (deviant) case sampling

Question 11

Similar to extreme case sampling but with less emphasis on the extremes; involves information-rich cases that manifest the phenomenon of interest intensely, but not as extreme or potentially distorting manifestations; selecting rich cases that offer strong examples of the phenomenon

Answer 11

Intensity sampling

Question 12

Selecting cases based on a recommendation of an expert or key informant (most often used in ethnographies)

Answer 12

Reputational case sampling

Question 13

Selecting important cases regarding the phenomenon of interest

Answer 13

critical case sampling

Question 14

selecting cases that meet a predetermined criterion of importance

Answer 14

Criterion sampling

Question 15

Identifying and gaining access to a single case representing a phenomenon that was previously inaccessible to research scrutiny

Answer 15

Revelatory case sampling

Question 16

This approach is used to select or search for politically sensitive cases (or sites) for analysis

Answer 16

Sampling of politically important cases

Question 17

Adding new cases to a sample based on changes in research circumstances as data are being collected, or in response to new leads and opportunities that may develop in the field

Answer 17

Opportunistic sampling

Question 18

Tends to be used towards the end of data collection; involves testing ideas and assessing the viability of emergent findings and conceptualizations with new data

Answer 18

Sampling confirming and disconfirming cases

Question 19

Additional cases that fit researchers’ conceptualizations and offer enhanced credibility, richness, and depth to the analysis and conclusions

Answer 19

confirming cases

Question 20

examples that do not fit and serve to challenge researchers’ interpretations

Answer 20

disconfirming (negative) cases

Question 21

strategy involving selection of “incidents, slices of life, time periods, or people on the basis of their potential manifestation or representation of important theoretical constructs”; complex sampling technique that requires researchers to be involved with multiple lines and directions as they go back and forth between data and categories in the emerging theory

Answer 21

theoretical sampling

Question 22

Sampling to the point at which no new information is obtained and redundancy is achieved

Answer 22

data saturation

Question 23

Number of participants needed to reach saturation depends on several factors (name the 4)

Answer 23

1. scope of the research question (the broader the scope, the more participants likely needed)
2. data quality (the better the participants and the more they share, the smaller the needed sample size)
3. sensitivity of the phenomenon being studied
4. skills and experiences of the researcher

Question 24

Name the three models of generalizability

Answer 24

1. Extrapolating from a sample to a population
2. Analytic or conceptual generalization
3. Case-to-case translation (transferability)