p 10

Question 1

Hazard mitigation:

Answer 1

strategies meant to avoid, delay or prevent hazard events​

Question 2

Hazard adaption:

Answer 2

strategies designed to reduce the impacts of hazard events

Question 3

Mitigation strategies

Answer 3

Land-use zoning - local government planners regulate how land in a community may be used.​

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Diverting lava flows – methods used to attempt to divert lava flows away from people and communities.​

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GIS mapping – can be used in all stages of the hazard management cycle e.g. identifying evacuation routes. ​

Tsunami defences

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Hazard-resistant design and engineering defences – buildings designed to withstand earthquakes and shaking.

Question 4

Land use zoning

Answer 4

Preventing building on low lying areas and areas of high risk

Advantages
Low cost
Reduces vulnerability

Disadvantages
Stops economic development on some high value land
Strict enforcement required

Question 5

Hazard-resistant design and engineering defences

Answer 5

Buildings with deep foundations, sloped roofs so that ash doesn’t build and create pressure
+ Can help prevent collapsing Protects people and property

• High cost for larger buildings Low income families cannot afford this

Question 6

Tsunami defences

Answer 6

Sea walls which stop waves travelling inland

+Reduces damage Provides security

• Very high cost Doesn’t look nice Can be overtopped

Question 7

Lava diversion

Answer 7

Barriers and water cooling to divert and slow down lava flow

+ Diverts lava away Low cost

• Only works for low VEI lava

Question 8

Adaption strategies

Answer 8

High-tech monitoring including early warning systems, mobile phones and satellites. ​

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Crisis mapping – crowd-sourced information is used to create a live map interactive map of areas struck by a disaster.​

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Modelling hazard impact – computer models allow scientists to predict the impacts of hazard events and compare different scenarios.​

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Public education – good education and public awareness can help reduce the vulnerability and prevent hazards from becoming disasters. ​

Question 9

High-tech monitoring including early warning systems, mobile phones and satellites. ​

Answer 9

Monitors volcano behaviour and predict eruptions

+ Predicting eruption is possible in some cases
Warning and evacuation can help save lives

• Costly, in LDCs, volcanoes aren’t usually monitored Doesn’t prevent property damage

Question 10

Public education

Answer 10

+ Low cost and often implemented by NGOs
Can save lives through small action

• Doesn’t prevent property damage
  Harder to implement in isolated rural areas

Question 11

Managing Loss​

Answer 11

During the recovery and response stages of the hazard-management cycle, efforts focus on helping communities cope with personal, social and economic loss.​

Question 12

Key Players in Managing Loss​

Answer 12

Aid donors (emergency, short term, long term aid)​

Non-governmental organisations (NGOs)​

Insurance ​

Communities

Question 13

Aid donors - emergency, short term

Answer 13

Search and rescue and also food, water, aid and shelter

+ Can help reduce death toll by saving lived and keeping people alive until long term aid is provided

• High costs and technical difficulties in isolated areas Emergency services are limited and are poorly equipped in LDC

Question 14

Long term aid

Answer 14

Reconstructions plant to rebuild an area and improve resilience

+ Reconstruction can help improve resilience through land use planning and better construction methods

-Very high costs
Needs are quickly forgotten by the media shortly are the disaster

Question 15

Insurance

Answer 15

Compensation to replace losses

+ Allows people to recover economically for paying reconstruction

• Doesn’t help save lives Not many in LDCs have insurance

Question 16

The role of communities​ –

Answer 16

In remote and isolated areas, it may take a long time for aid to come and people may begin ​local recovery operations​, communities may clear debris from roads and set up temporary shelters.

Question 17

The role of NGOs & TNCs​

Answer 17

• NGOs play a very important role from providing funds, coordination rescue efforts and helping to develop reconstruction plans.
• Occasionally, TNCs and NGOs may cooperate; Charity buckets or events may be organised by businesses to improve IGOs ability to help.
• Governments of developing countries may not prioritise investing money in ​hazard mitigation​ as they tend to focus their resources on development and economic growth.
• This lack of investment in hazard management often means that less developed countries and their populations are more vulnerable to hazards.

Question 18

The ​Risk Poverty Nexus​ states that

Answer 18

poverty is both a contributing factor and consequence of a natural hazard. It also suggests that a ​positive feedback mechanism​ can cause further economic loss for already poor countries.

Question 19

Low income households and communities are generally more affected by impacts and losses. There are various types of inequalities, each affecting a community’s resilience to a hazard:

Answer 19

▪ Asset inequality​ ​– Relates to housing and security of tenure and also agricultural productivity.
▪ Political inequality​ – Where certain groups of people, usually the wealthy and elite, hold quite a lot of power and political influence.
▪ Social status inequality​ – Often directly linked to space and has a bearing on other dimensions of inequality, including the ability of individuals and groups to secure regular income and access services.
▪ Entitlement inequality​ – Refers to unequal access to public services and welfare systems as well as inequalities in the application of rule of law.

Question 20

Hazard Vulnerability
There are many factors that can contribute to a population’s vulnerability

Answer 20

▪ Unstable political governance​ and/or ​corruption​ - a lack of political cohesion can impact on how prepared a country is for a hazard and can also negatively impact response and recovery efforts after the event.
▪ Population density​ - the higher the population density the more people affected by a hazard.
▪ Geography ​isolation​ and accessibility - remote, rural areas often have poor transport links which can negatively effect rescue efforts.
▪ Level of ​urbanisation​ - urban areas tend to be worse affected by hazards due to two factors: urban areas are densely populated (see above) and also have larger amounts of infrastructure meaning there is more economic damage.

Question 21

Governance

Answer 21

▪ Meeting basic needs​ - When food supply, water supply and health needs are met, the population is generally less vulnerable to secondary hazards such as diseases.
▪ Planning​ - Land-use planning can reduce risk by preventing people living in areas of high risk. Secondary hazards may be made worse by deforestation.
▪ Preparedness​ - Education and community preparation programmes raise awareness and teach people how to prepare, evacuate and act when a disaster strikes.
▪ Corruption​ - If government politicians accept bribes and do unethical things, then vulnerability would increase as money would be invested in crucial areas like emergency services.