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ANAT322 > Oxytocin > Flashcards

Oxytocin Flashcards

1
Q

where are oxytocin neurons found

A

mainly in magnocellular neurons of PVN and SON. also in parvocellular PVN neurons

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2
Q

where is OT released? what type of cells reach that region?

A

posterior pituitary.
only magnocellular OT neurons reach post pituitary

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3
Q

in what structure is OT stored?

A

large dense core vesicles LDCVs

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4
Q

what are OT’s emotional functions?

A

analgesia, anxiolysis, positive mood

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5
Q

what are OT’s neuroendocrine functions?

A

anorexiant, attenuates HPA axis response to stress

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6
Q

how is OT increase during labour? what does it do?

A

OT increases uterine contractions during labour through increase in OT receptor expression

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7
Q

how does kisspeptin affect OT during late pregnancy?

A

kisspeptin increases OT release through increase of kisspeptin expression in periventricular neurons projecting to PNZ of SON

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8
Q

how does OT stimulate lactation?

A

it stimulates myoepithelial cells of the mammary gland to eject milk in the mammary ducts.

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9
Q

how is OT released when triggered by a baby cry?

A

in bursts

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10
Q

what is a difference in OT vs AVP release during parturition?

A

increases in both expression and release of OT are specific and timed.

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11
Q

what rats get an OT response triggered by kisspeptin? how?

A

late-pregnant rats only. maybe due to apparition of new excitatory kisspeptin projections.

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12
Q

what type of functional changes in magnocellular OT neurons happen during parturition and suckling?

A

OT and AVP coordinated metabolism and coordinated electrical activity

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13
Q

how many OT neurons fire simultaneously during parturition and suckling?

A

4 500

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14
Q

what types of plastic changes in OT neurons are observed during parturition and lactation? where?

A

glial retraction, increased somatic appositions, increased contact among dendrites (dendritic bundling)
in SON

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15
Q

what kind of synapses are usually found at somatic vs dendritic zones?

A

GABAergic or DA synapses at somatic region.
Noradrenergic in dendritic zone

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16
Q

electronic coupling of new synapses in SON OT neurons involves what?

A

dendritic priming

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17
Q

what is dendritic priming?

A

when an intracellular calcium release triggers peptide release from dendrites. it is enhance by K+ and TG

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18
Q

in what neurons do somatic apposition and dendritic priming take place?

A

magnocellular SON neurons

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19
Q

what increases OT later and longer than neuroendocrine secretion in blood?

A

priming of SON OT neurons by osmotic stimulation

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20
Q

where is plasma OT coming from?

A

from axonal release at posterior pituitary which goes into circulation

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21
Q

where is SON OT coming from?

A

from dendritic release

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22
Q

can parvo and magnocellular communicate?

A

yes parvocellular can synapse on magnocelullar OT neurons

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23
Q

what other than depolarization can also trigger axonal and somatodendritic OT release?

A

MC4Rs or TM proteins like CD38

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24
Q

what can OT bind to after somatodendritic release? to do what?

A

bind to autoreceptors and prime OT neurons for firing

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25
Q

what’s different between OT and AVP dendritic release?

A

unlike OT, dendritic AVP inhibits activity of AVP neurons in the SON

26
Q

what other cells in the NTS are activated during parturition and increase OT activation?

A

noradrenergic cells

27
Q

what triggers NTS noradrenergic cells activation?

A

uterine contractions (in the lab, OT neurons)

28
Q

what do OT infusions cause?

A

uterine contraction,
intermittent NA release,
c-Fos expression in OT neurons in the SON through alpha-1 adrenergic receptors,
activation of NA neurons in the NTS

29
Q

is NA the only factor modulating OT neurons?

A

no! progesterone also does?

30
Q

what does suckling induces?

A

large OT bursts of activity in SON and PVN

31
Q

how do OT and VP cells respond to osmolality?

A

gradually (no bursts) increase their firing activity with elevated concentration of particles in plasma

32
Q

what state is associated with high osmolality?

A

dehydration

33
Q

OT synergizes with VP to promote what? where?

A

OT in the blood synergizes with VP on the kidney to promote natriuresis (salt excretion)

34
Q

where do OT neurons get their osmotic input from?

A

directly from ECM osmotic pressure or from SFO and OVLT neurons that have osmoreceptors

35
Q

osmotic input from SFO and OVLT osmoreceptors are excitatory or inhibitory?

A

both

36
Q

where do SFO and OVLT neurons project to?

A

OT neurons in PVN and SON

37
Q

how does stress affect OT secretion?

A
  • increases OT in blood due to magnocellular OT neurons in SON and PVN releasing in post pituitary
  • increases somatodendritic OT release in PVN
38
Q

why does stress increase OT secretion?

A

inhibit CRH neurons activation to reduce the HPA axis activity

39
Q

what stress hormone increases central and peripheral OT release? how did we test this?

A

CORT;
by removing adrenal glands

40
Q

what hypothalamic OT neurons are the most important for food intake control?

A

parvocellular neurons projecting from the PVN to the NTS

41
Q

through what other hormone does OT control hunger?

A

leptin

42
Q

what does blood OT do in obese people?

A

reduce fat accumulation in adipocytes

43
Q

what satiety signal can OT potentiate?

A

CCK

44
Q

in what situation does OT not decrease apetite?

A

during pregnancy and lactation

45
Q

leptin triggers Arc to produce what substances?

A

POMC and CART

46
Q

POMC and CART activate what?

A

PVN parvocellular OT neurons

47
Q

how are dominant mice affected by OT antagonist?

A

increased sugar consumption in social or lonely environment

48
Q

what OT neurons participate in analgesia?

A

parvocellular OT PVN neurons projecting to SON and SC

49
Q

what is OT’s effect on parenting?

A

induces parenting behavior

50
Q

how is OT increased around/after parturition?

A

increased CSF levels and increased OT receptors expression in the brain

51
Q

what is the difference between male prairie voles and montane voles?

A

male prairie voles have higher OT receptor expression in the brain and are monogamous

52
Q

where does the bond between partners in adulthood originate from?

A

from the mother-infant bond relying on overlapping brain areas and neurotransmitter systems (oxytocin, vasopressin, dopamine)

53
Q

what nt does OT interact with to link a partner with reward system?

A

dopmaine

54
Q

what happens to paternally deprived pups?

A

they mature slower than biparentally raised ones

55
Q

what is mediated by OT signalling in the anterior cingulate cortex?

A

males consoling behavior after females are exposed to stress?

56
Q

what “couples” have coordinated OT responses?

A

parents and child
romantic partners (also cortisol)

57
Q

what other 2 behaviors involve OT release?

A

interactions between friends
acts of empathy

58
Q

in what context might OT induce defensive behavior?

A

during “unsafe” social cues

59
Q

how does OT affect people with autism?

A

promotes social information retention
reduces repetitive behaviors

60
Q

complete:
____ neurons tighlty control _____ neurons activity to regulate _______ OT release

A

parvocellular OT
magnocellular OT
peripheral

61
Q

which OT neurons act as first responders to somatosensory input?

A

parvocellular

62
Q

parvocellular OT neurons (but not magno) are innervated by what brain region involved in social touch?

A

insular cortex

ANAT322 (10 decks)

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