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Foundations EXAM 2 > Oxygenation Chapter 37 > Flashcards

Oxygenation Chapter 37 Flashcards

1
Q

Moving gas in/out

A

Ventilation

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2
Q

CV movement of O2/CO2 min blood

A

POerfusion

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3
Q

Moving resp. Gasses via a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

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4
Q

An active process stimulated by chemical receptors in the aorta and a passive process that depends on the elastic recoil properties of the lung.

A

Inspiration/expiration

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5
Q

Moves blood to and from the alveolar capillary membranes for gas exchange

A

Pulmonary circulation

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6
Q

Exchange of respiratory gases in the alveoli and capillaries through a concentration gradient

A

Diffusion

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7
Q

Diffuses into red blood cells and is converted into carbonic acid

A

Carbon dioxide transport

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8
Q

Exchange of O2 and CO2 during cellular metabolism

A

Respiration

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9
Q

What are the 3 steps in the process of oxygenation:

A
  1. Ventilation- move gases into and out of lungs
  2. Perfusion- ability of the cardiovascular system to pump oxygenated blood to tissues and return deoxygenated blood to lungs.
  3. Diffusion- responsible for moving the respiratory gases from one are to another by concentration gradients
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10
Q

The carrier for oxygen in the RBC

A

Hemoglobin

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11
Q

Loss of blood volume that also decreases oxygen carrying capacity

A

Hypovolemia

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12
Q

Pt’s with a higher metabolic rate (i.e. fever, pregnancy, wound healing, exercise) have an ^ O2 demand.

A

Hyperbole is

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13
Q

Factors affecting chest wall movement: (6)

A 
Pregnancy
Obesity
Musculoskeletal abnormalities (fail chest)
Trauma (pneumothorax/hemothorax) 
Neuromuscular disease 
Changes in neurological status
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14
Q

Ventilation in excess of that required to eliminate carbon dioxide produced by cellular metabolism

A

Hyperventilation

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15
Q

Alveolar ventilation inadequate to meet the body’s oxygen demand or to eliminate sufficient carbon dioxide

A

Hypoventilation

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16
Q

Inadequate tissue Oxygenation at the cellular level

A

Hypoxia (anoxia, anoxic)

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17
Q

Developmental Factors: Infants and toddlers

A
  1. Upper respiratory infections- exposure to other kids
  2. Respiratory distress syndrome- premature infants and RSV
  3. Airway obstruction- toddlers from putting objects in mouth
  4. Drowning- toddlers
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18
Q

Developmental factors: Adolescents

A
  1. Smoking- adolescence
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19
Q

Developmental Factors: Young and Middle age

A
  1. Lack of exercise
  2. Unhealthy diet
  3. Stress
  4. Illegal use of meds
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20
Q

Developmental Factors: Older adults

A
  1. Atherosclerotic changes
  2. Calcification of airway
  3. Cilia death or dysfunction- from smoking
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21
Q

Older adult health concerns as they age:

A
  • ^ risk for reactivating of TB
  • atypical signs of CAD
  • Afib is prominent
  • forgetfulness and irritability
  • changes in cough mechanism
  • ossification of thorax
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22
Q

Examples of common upper respiratory infections:

A

Common cold

Influenza

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23
Q

Examples of lower respiratory infections

A

Pneumonia
Acute bronchitis
RSV- respiratory syncytial virus

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24
Q

Caused by bacteria, fungus, or viruses. usually follows the flu and when invading pathogens enter the lungs and release toxins

A

Pneumonia

25
Q

How old Pneumonia work inside the body?

A

Invading pathogens relasease toxins into lungs and the inflammatory response triggers edema in the small passages and deposits debris and exudate Into the alveoli. (Some tissue dies) and the area of the lung affected becomes “consolidated” or filled with solid rather gas.

26
Q

Alveolar collapse caused by a tumor or obstruction

A

Atelectasis

27
Q

Nursing assessment of lungs for respiratory problems. Things to check:

A
  1. Pain- location, duration, radiation, freq?
  2. Fatigue/Dyspnea
  3. Cough- freq. productive, color?
  4. Resp. Infections
  5. Allergies
  6. Meds
  7. Environmental- 2nd hand smoke, radon, CO
  8. Geographical- well water with radon?
28
Q

Physical examination of respiratory system:

A

Inspection
Palpation
Percussion
Auscultation

29
Q

Normal breaths from 12-20

A

Eupnea

30
Q

Fast, shallow breathing >24

A

Tachypnea

31
Q

Slow respirations <10

A

Bradypnea

- caused by poor gas exchange from sedation, opioid use and neuromuscular dysfunction

32
Q

Regular pattern breathing but ^ rate and abnormally deep inhalation

A

Kussmaul’s Respirations
- compensatory mechanism for metabolic disorders that lower the blood PH, mixed with hyperventilation caused by fear or anxiety or pain. (DKA)

33
Q

Irregular pattern of variable depth (usually shallow), alternating with periods of apnea.

A

Biot’s Respirations

- associated with damage to medullary rep center or high ICP due to brain injury

34
Q

Gradual increase in depth, followed by a gradual decrease in depth, then a period of apnea

A

Cheyne- Stokes Respirations

- results from damage to medullary rep. Center or high ICP due to brain injury

35
Q

Absence of breathing. Respiratory arrest

A

Apnea

36
Q

Examples of NANDA diagnosis for respiratory issues

A 
Impaired gas exchange
Risk for infection
Decreased cardiac output
Ineffective breathing pattern
Anxiety
Ineffective tissue perfusion
Activity tolerance
Ineffective airway clearance- cilia impaired, smoker etc.
37
Q

Health promotion for respiratory care:

A
  1. Vaccinations- Flu, Pneumococcal (65 or older)
  2. Healthy lifestyle
  3. Environmental pollutants
38
Q

Group of therapies for mobilizing pulmonary secretions

A

Chest physiotherapy

39
Q

Oropharynx earl and nasopharyngeal suctioning

A

Used when client can cough effectively but is not able to clear secretions

40
Q

Orotracheal and nasotracheal suctioning

A

Used when the client is unable to manage secretions

41
Q

Artificial airway needed when airway is obstructed or decreased level of consciousness

A

Tracheal

42
Q

Prevents obstruction of the trachea by displacement of the tongue into the oropharynx

A

Oral airway

43
Q

Short-term use to ventilate, relieve upper airway obstruction, protect against aspiration, clear secretions

A

Endotracheal airway

44
Q

Long-term assistance that is a surgical incision made into trachea. Hollow tube to keep airway open

A

Tracheostomy

45
Q

Promotion of Lung Expansions: Ambulation

A

> 1 wk bed rest causes decline in muscle strength by as much as 20%
- important to get them up and moving

46
Q

Promotion of Lung expansion: Positioning

A
  • reduces pulmonary stasis, maintains ventilation and oxygenation
  • 45 degree semi-Fowler’s position is the most effective position
47
Q

Promotion of Lung Expansion: Incentive Spirometry and Chest Tubes

A

Incentive: encourage voluntary deep breathing

Chest tube: catheter placed through the thorax to remove air and fluids from pleural space or to prevent air from re-entering or to re-establish intrapleural and intrapulmonic pressure.

48
Q

Chest tubes are used to treat:

A

Pneumothorax or hemothorax

No gas exchange in area that has collapsed

49
Q

How do you use a incentive spirometer?

A

Have them place lips on tube and exhale fully. Then suck in air over as long of a period of time they can. Accordion tube needs to be all the way out and keep indicator between the two arrows

50
Q

Nasal Cannula flow rate up to ___ L/min but greater than __ L/min is not often used

A

6 L/min

4 L/min

51
Q

A non-rebreather face mask administers ___% of O2 to patient

A

100% bc there’s not O2 leaving the bag or CO2 entering

  • before bag goes on pt face it must be inflated-
52
Q

Deliver higher oxygen concentration of 24-60% with O2 flow rates at 4-12L/min

A

Venturi Mask

- has plastic pieces that tell you how many L of O2 to use

53
Q

Goal of oxygen therapy is to:

A

Relieve or prevent tissue hypoxia

54
Q

Ways to promote venous return:

A
  • elevate legs
  • don’t cross legs
  • encourage early ambulation
  • ROM exercises
  • compression devices
55
Q

Stationary clot adhering to the wall of a vessel

A

Thrombus

56
Q

Clot that travels in the blood stream

A

Embolus

57
Q

Cardiopulmonary resuscitation

A
  1. Airway
  2. Breathing
  3. Circulation
  4. Defibrillation
58
Q

Cardiopulmonary rehabilitation techniques

A
  1. Hydration
  2. Coughing
  3. Purse-lipped breathing
  4. Diaphragmatic breathing

Foundations EXAM 2 (3 decks)

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