Oxygenation

Question 1

What is Vt?

Answer 1

Tidal volume

Amount of air inhaled/exhaled during one breath

Question 2

What is RV?

Answer 2

Residual volume

Air left in lungs after max exhalation

Question 3

What is FRC?

Answer 3

Functional residual capacity

Volume of air in lungs after a normal exhalation

Question 4

What is VC?

Answer 4

Vital capacity

Volume of air exhaled after a max inhale

Question 5

What is TLC?

Answer 5

Total lung capacity

Total volume of air in lungs following a max inhale

Question 6

What is the goal of ventilation?

Answer 6

PaC02 between 35-45mmHg
PaO2 between 80-100mmHg
Oxygen saturation (SaO2) between 95-100%

Question 7

What is hypoxia?

Answer 7

Inadequate tissue oxygenation

Question 8

What is COPD?

Answer 8

Inability to exchange enough air; higher level of CO2

Question 9

What are early signs of hypoxemia?

Answer 9

Use of accessory muscles
Restlessness
Anxiety/ Agitation
Tachycardia
Tachypnea

Question 10

What are late signs of hypoxemia?

Answer 10

Increased agitation
Confusion/ altered mental status
Decreased blood pressure/ HR
Decreased respiratory rate
Cyanosis

Question 11

What happens in COPD?

Answer 11

Inflammation, increased mucus production, increased swelling in airways, damaged lung tissue, decreased surface area of alveoli

Question 12

What is hypoxic drive?

Answer 12

Not having enough oxygen causing increased breathing

Question 13

What is the difference between COPD and non-COPD breathers?

Answer 13

COPD breathers will breathe when the O2 is down vs non-COPD breathers breathing when CO2 is too high

Question 14

What physiological factors affect oxygenation?

Answer 14

Decreased O2 carrying ability
Decreased inspired O2 concentrations
Hypovolemia
Increased metabolic rate
Conditions affecting chest wall movement
Chronic diseases

Question 15

What does the balloon do is a tracheostomy?

Answer 15

Seals the airway

Question 16

What is the difference between a cuffed trach and a cuffless fenestrated trach?

Answer 16

Cuffless trach allows air to pass (pt can talk)

Question 17

What are methods of O2 delivery?

Answer 17

Nasal cannula, simple face mask, non-rebreather mask, venturi mask

Question 18

What types of pts get sent home on O2?

Answer 18

COPD, emphysema, end-stage HF

Question 19

What is the “rule of four”?

Answer 19

Percentage of O2 in nasal cannula
1L/min provides 22% O2
For each L/min, the O2 concentration increases by 4%

Question 20

Are non-rebreathers high flow or low flow?

Answer 20

High flow

Can go to 10L

Question 21

What is a CPAP?

Answer 21

Continuous positive airway pressure

Question 22

What is a BiPAP?

Answer 22

Inspiratory and expiratory pressure - bi-level positive airway pressure

Question 23

What is barotrauma?

Answer 23

Putting too much pressure on lungs by forcing air in

Question 24

What is flash pulmonary edema?

Answer 24

When stress on the heart is so bad that fluid can’t be moved forward, so the fluid winds up in the lungs

Question 25

What is the purpose of a chest tube?

Answer 25

To remove fluid or air to reestablish negative pressure and promote lung expansion

Question 26

What is chest physiotherapy?

Answer 26

Therapy to mobilize coughing and deep breathing

Promote mobilization of pulmonary secretions

Question 27

What is ventilation?

Answer 27

The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs

Question 28

What is diffusion?

Answer 28

Movement of respiratory gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Question 29

Where does diffusion occur?

Answer 29

At the alveolar capillary membrane

Question 30

What are the steps in gas exchange?

Answer 30

Ventilation
Diffusion across alveolar-capillary membrane
Transport of gases in circulation (perfusion)
Diffusion between systemic capillary bed and cells of body

Question 31

What is hypoxemia?

Answer 31

Having an abnormally low level of O2 in the blood