Oxygenation Flashcards
What is Vt?
Tidal volume
Amount of air inhaled/exhaled during one breath
What is RV?
Residual volume
Air left in lungs after max exhalation
What is FRC?
Functional residual capacity
Volume of air in lungs after a normal exhalation
What is VC?
Vital capacity
Volume of air exhaled after a max inhale
What is TLC?
Total lung capacity
Total volume of air in lungs following a max inhale
What is the goal of ventilation?
PaC02 between 35-45mmHg
PaO2 between 80-100mmHg
Oxygen saturation (SaO2) between 95-100%
What is hypoxia?
Inadequate tissue oxygenation
What is COPD?
Inability to exchange enough air; higher level of CO2
What are early signs of hypoxemia?
Use of accessory muscles Restlessness Anxiety/ Agitation Tachycardia Tachypnea
What are late signs of hypoxemia?
Increased agitation Confusion/ altered mental status Decreased blood pressure/ HR Decreased respiratory rate Cyanosis
What happens in COPD?
Inflammation, increased mucus production, increased swelling in airways, damaged lung tissue, decreased surface area of alveoli
What is hypoxic drive?
Not having enough oxygen causing increased breathing
What is the difference between COPD and non-COPD breathers?
COPD breathers will breathe when the O2 is down vs non-COPD breathers breathing when CO2 is too high
What physiological factors affect oxygenation?
Decreased O2 carrying ability Decreased inspired O2 concentrations Hypovolemia Increased metabolic rate Conditions affecting chest wall movement Chronic diseases
What does the balloon do is a tracheostomy?
Seals the airway
What is the difference between a cuffed trach and a cuffless fenestrated trach?
Cuffless trach allows air to pass (pt can talk)
What are methods of O2 delivery?
Nasal cannula, simple face mask, non-rebreather mask, venturi mask
What types of pts get sent home on O2?
COPD, emphysema, end-stage HF
What is the “rule of four”?
Percentage of O2 in nasal cannula
1L/min provides 22% O2
For each L/min, the O2 concentration increases by 4%
Are non-rebreathers high flow or low flow?
High flow
Can go to 10L
What is a CPAP?
Continuous positive airway pressure
What is a BiPAP?
Inspiratory and expiratory pressure - bi-level positive airway pressure
What is barotrauma?
Putting too much pressure on lungs by forcing air in
What is flash pulmonary edema?
When stress on the heart is so bad that fluid can’t be moved forward, so the fluid winds up in the lungs
What is the purpose of a chest tube?
To remove fluid or air to reestablish negative pressure and promote lung expansion
What is chest physiotherapy?
Therapy to mobilize coughing and deep breathing
Promote mobilization of pulmonary secretions
What is ventilation?
The process of moving gases into and out of the lungs
What is diffusion?
Movement of respiratory gases from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
Where does diffusion occur?
At the alveolar capillary membrane
What are the steps in gas exchange?
Ventilation
Diffusion across alveolar-capillary membrane
Transport of gases in circulation (perfusion)
Diffusion between systemic capillary bed and cells of body
What is hypoxemia?
Having an abnormally low level of O2 in the blood
