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Vital Signs > Oxygenation > Flashcards

Oxygenation Flashcards

1
Q

what is poor oxygenation?

A

a decreased oxygen level in the blood

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2
Q

oxygen saturation

A

can be used to asses oxygen level

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3
Q

SpO2

A

measure of how saturated hemoglobin are with oxygen (pressure of O2 in blood)
95%-100%

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4
Q

hemoglobin

A

carries oxygen in blood

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5
Q

reasons O2 is low

A

low on blood
blockage in blood flow
blockage in airway
anything that decreases blood or ways to get oxygen to blood

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6
Q

signs/symptoms of poor oxygenation

A

restlessness/confusion: not good oxygenation to brain
decreased blood pressure: low BP
cool extremities
pallor (pale) or cyanosis (blue) of extremities
slow capillary refill

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7
Q

tissue ischemia and cell death

A

when oxygen delivery is inadequate to meet metabolic demands of the body
tissues starving for oxygen

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8
Q

hypoxia

A

low oxygen in your tissues
when your blood doesn’t carry enough oxygen to the tissues to meet the body’s needs
can be difficult to measure
we can assume that a patient with hypoxemia for an extended amount of time has this

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9
Q

lung disease

A

the lungs have a large surface area that is constantly exposed to the external environment
lung disease is greatly influenced by what a patient is exposed to
-environmental: ex. dust, coal, mining, chemicals
-occupational: ex. painter
-personal: ex. smokers
-social

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10
Q

celia

A

moves things around, coughing is the celia trying to remove particles

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11
Q

pulmonary disease

A

are often classified as chronic, obstructive or restrictive, infectious or noninfectious and is caused by alterations in the lungs or heart

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12
Q

acute pulmonary disease

A

bronchitis

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13
Q

chronic pulmonary disease

A

asthma

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14
Q

obstructive pulmonary disease

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD): something that keeps lungs from fully expanding

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15
Q

restrictive pulmonary disease

A

pulmonary fibrosis (scarring of lung), sarcoidosis (clusters of scarring)

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16
Q

infectious pulmonary disease

A

pneumonia: most common lung infection; fluid on the lungs

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17
Q

noninfectious pulmonary disease

A

asthma, COPD, pulmonary fibrosis

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18
Q

clinical manifestations of respiratory alterations

A

cough- acute or chronic
dyspnea- shortness of breath, feeling of inability to get a good breath
chest pain- not good blood flow to heart
abnormal sputum: different colors than normal
hemoptysis- coughing up blood
altered breathing patterns- tachypnea (fast), bradypnea (slow), use of accessory muscles (muscles around clavicle and intercostals)
cyanosis- bluish discoloration of skin and mucus membranes (lighter can see it on skin, darker look at mucous membrane)
fever

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19
Q

orthopnea

A

dyspnea when laying down
patients can breathe better when propped up slightly
people with chronic lung disorders may sleep better sitting up in a recliner

20
Q

clubbing

A

often occurs in heart and lung diseases that reduce the amount of oxygen in the blood
happens in a person who has continuously low levels of oxygen
distorted angle of nail bed

21
Q

hypoxemia

A

low level of oxygen in the blood

22
Q

symptoms of hypoxia

A

Early
R- restlessness
A-anxiety
T- tachycardia/tachypnea
Late
B- bradycardia
E- extreme restlessness
D- dyspnea (severe)

23
Q

ventilation

A

movement of chest and the process of breathing in or out

24
Q

respiratory depression

A

decreased respiratory rate

25
Q

hypoventilation

A

breathing top shallow or too slow to meet the body’s needs for oxygen
holding onto CO2 and CO2 levels are high, leads to hypercapnia
-sleep, sedative, illness, and chest pain

26
Q

hyperventilation

A

breathing that is too rapid or too deep
breathing exceeds the body’s metabolic demands
blowing too much CO2 causes hypocapnia
-anxiety, exercise

27
Q

atelectasis

A

collapsed air sacs (alveoli)
shuts off oxygen exchange
Prevention-
-early ambulation: even if short of breath
-turn, cough (force air into airsacs) , deep breath
-incentive spirometry

28
Q

aspiration

A

passage of gastric contents (fluid or solid) into the lungs: things that are supposed to go to GI tract go into lungs
can cause aspiration pneumonia
prevention
-assess patients ability to swallow
-keep head of bed elevated with tube feedings
-thorough lung assessment: lung complications can creep up fast
-eating or tube feeding raise head of bed at least 30 degrees

29
Q

assessment of respiratory system

A

respiratory rate: 12-20
use of accessory muscles
cyanosis
oxygen saturation
adventitious (abnormal) breath sounds (crackles, wheezes, rhonchi, stridor, or rubs): anything that does not sound normal
clubbing
dyspnea with activity

30
Q

chest x-ray

A

normal: black spaces show air and are good
any white is congestion or fluid

31
Q

CT scan

A

horizontal view of lungs

32
Q

MRI

A

much clearer than a CT scan
have to be careful about metals in and on the body

33
Q

bronchoscopy

A

can detect obstruction, abnormality, and can also remove something to be biopsied
used to check the airways for any abnormalities

34
Q

thoracentesis

A

pulls off fluid, relieves patient, and is able to be used for testing
pulls out fluid with syringe

35
Q

Interventions prior to oxygen use

A

promotion of lung expansion
-position change frequently
-keep upright
-increase daily activities; ensure adequate hydration: hydration helps with sputum (lack of hydration leads to thicker sputum that is harder to clear)
-coughing exercises
-deep breathing

36
Q

albuterol (proair)

A

bronchiodialator
rescue inhaler for acute difficulty breathing (asthma, COPD): used PRN
Beta 2 agonist (SABAs) short-acting beta agonist
(beta cells: fight or flight- turns up and causes things to move fast)
2 puffs every 4-6 hrs PRN
-common reactions: nervousness, tachycardia (high heart rate), headache, and throat irritation

37
Q

Symbicort (budesonide/formetrero inhaled)

A

scheduled med
corticosteroid/bronchodilator
beta 2 agonist (LABA) long-acting beta agonist
2 puffs per day
-common reactions: tachycardia, nervousness, palpitations, oral candidiasis
** rinse mouth and spit out after inhalation: when giving an oral steroid by inhalation- steroids increase sugar, which causes increased risk of oral yeast infection

38
Q

fraction of inspired oxygen FIO2

A

percent of oxygen a person is inhaling at any point in time
room air FIO2 is 21%
with supplemental O2, FIO2 can reach 100%

39
Q

nasal canula

A

what you want to start patient on
can deliver up to 6L/min of O2 (usually no more than 4)
-FIO2 24%-44%
advantages
-safe and simple
-increased mobility
disadvantages
-dries membranes (higher rate of O2 causes higher likelihood of dry out) (can use humidifier to decrease dry out) ; skin breakdown

40
Q

non-breather mask

A

face mask with reservoir bag
has one way valves that open during expiration and close during inhalation to prevent decrease in FIO2 or build up of CO2
step before intubation
delivers higher concentrations of oxygen
treat hypoxia
decreases the workload of breathing
FIO2 of 60%-100%
at 10-15L for 100%

41
Q

venturi mask/venturi mask valves

A

advantages:
-controls exact concentration of O2
-delivers FIO2 of 24%-60% at flow rates from 4-12L/min
typically used for mouth breathers
disadvantages:
-hot and confining
-interferes with eating and talking
- commonly used for COPD patients

42
Q

face tent

A

advantages
-delivers 28%-100% with flow rate of 8-12L/min
-alternative for claustrophobia
disadvantages
-difficult to control concentration of oxygen

43
Q

factors that alter accuracy of pulse ox

A

physical
-motion/incorrect placement
-BP monitoring device
-bright lights, polish, or acrylics
physiological
-poor arterial flow or edema
-cold hands; poor capillary filling
-anemia
if not working properly: change finger/location, or warm area

44
Q

incentive spirometry (IS)

A

purpose: (forces air sacs open)
-helps prevent post-op pulmonary complications (atelectasis)
-provides voluntary deep breathing
-gives visual feedback
technique
-explaining procedure
-positioning
frequency: 10 breaths every 2 hours

45
Q

oxygen toxicity

A

can develop when a person breathes 100% O2 for <12 hours
signs/symptoms
-pallor, sweating, nausea and vomiting
-seizures, vertigo, muscle twitching
-hallucinations, visual changes, anxiety
-chest pain dyspnea

Vital Signs (3 decks)

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