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Functional Med University > Oxidative Stress > Flashcards

Oxidative Stress Flashcards

1
Q

When does an individual have insulin resistance

A

when waist circumference is bigger than butt circumference
Fasting glucose is >95
A1C >6%
fasting insulin is >3

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2
Q

What is the ratio for waist to butt circumference for Insulin resistance

A

1:1 is upper limit
Ideally: ratio of .8 is optimal for men and .7 optimal for women

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3
Q

Consequences of Insulin Resistance

A 
Obesity
Pre-diabetes
Hypertension
Artery Disease
Cancer
Arthritis
Pain
Alzheimer and other neurodegenerative disease
Autism
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4
Q

Causes of Insulin Resistance

A 
Sugar
Fructose
Refined Carbs
Foods with high glycemic index
Trans fats
Decreased omega 3
wheat
ceramides
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5
Q

Solutions for Insulin Resistance

A 
stop sugar, refined carbs, wheat
Gluco-D
Balance omega 6 and 3
Cinnamon
Chromium
No trans fatty acids
Exercise
Alternative sources of ATP
Keto- 80% fat, 10% protein, 10% carb
MCT- coconut oil( 50-60%), 1 TB per meal
stop cermaides- alcohol, nitrosamines
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6
Q

What may be helpful of slowing insulin resistance that may lead to Alzheimer

A

coconut oil

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7
Q

what is MTHFR

A

Substrate 5,10- Methylene The-> MTHFR enzyme
Use cofactors FAD and NADP
SAMe will slow this down
end product is 5-MTHR enzyme

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8
Q

What is function of MTHFR enzyme

A

produce L-5-MTHF- to regulate Methylation- not to lower homocysteine

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9
Q

How important is SNP for methylation

A

good to know- may or may not cause symptoms in healthy or sick individuals
SNP is all about capacity to do work

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10
Q

What is epigenetics

A

changes are environmental and responsive mechanics that can modify gene expression independently of genetic code

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11
Q

What is epigenetic modulation

A

damaged DnA -> instability( DNA damage and purine deficiency) and altered gene expressions( low SAMe Hypermelthylation/hypomelthylation)-> development of epigenetic pathologies and disease

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12
Q

What are some support pathways for MTHFR

A

reduce stress: sleep patterns, dietary intake, EMF/WiFi, Electronics, exercise, social media, news, caffeine- etc
Reduce Folic Acid

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13
Q

What to remove for better MTHFR conversion in the body

A

Remove Blocks: infection, yeast overgrowth, exposures( nitrites, heavy metal, BPA), oxidative stress- no peroxynitritied ( ONOO-), inflammation, reduce arsenic and other environment: filter air and water

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14
Q

What is needed to restore function of MTHFR

A

Nutrient depletion
Optimize Diet
Correct depletion caused from blocks

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15
Q

What nutrients might be depleted?

A 
Probiotics
electrolytes
basic mitochondrial support
taurine-caution
creatine
choline-caution
adaptogens
adrenal cortex
amino acids: caution: methionine, cysteine, glycine
minerals: zinc, selenium, manganese
Vitamins: A, B1, B2, B5, B6, C, D, E, K
Glutathione: careful
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16
Q

How to optimize the diet

A 
balance blood sugar
correct for insulin resistance
low histamine? 
Low oxalate?
Low sulfur?
Low glutamate?
ID food intolerances and allergies
Eat to 80% satiety- don't eat until full- operating cause mitochondrial dysfunction
Chew
Hydration
Gluten, soy and dairy free for 2 weeks
Caffeine and alcohol alternatives
Whole foods
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17
Q

What is a neurotransmitter

A

chemical messenger that regulates many physical and emotional responses
Function in CNS
Facilitate communication with brain and body
Inadequate function disrupts signal to tissue and effect wellness

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18
Q

How do imbalances affect the body

A 
epinephrine-adrenals
Serotonin-gut
all transmitters active in periphery
Affect digestion and absorption
Musculaskeletal symptoms
physical- ADHA, pain, altered sleep
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19
Q

What are some basic treatment concepts

A

target amino acids, co-factors, and nerve and adaptogenic herbs

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20
Q

What are some amino acid precursors

A 
take on empty stomach away from food
Tryptophan- 5 HTP
Tyrosine-Glutamin
GABA- L-Theaninine
Domaine- mucuna prussiens
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21
Q

What is St. Jon’s Wort

A

equivalent Relief of depressive symptoms in mild/moderate depression compared to SSRI
Has many drug interactions
option along SSRI

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22
Q

What are necessary cofactors for neurotransmitters

A

substances essential for activity of an enzyme
conversation of dopamine to norepinephrine by enzyme dome
is significant when conversion is slow
Key point: activated form of vitamin are essential- Vitamin B6: P-5-P

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23
Q

What are some adaptogenic herbs for neurotransmitters

A

Help body resist and adapt to stress
normalize and tonif adrenal gland
Rhodiola Licorice, Gingko etc

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24
Q

What are nervines

A

provide a restoring and balancing action to the nervous system
help patients cope with stress and anxiety

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25
How does methylation affect neurotransmitters
affects many metabolic processes in the body and when interrupted other functions disrupted 677- cardiovascular health 1298- neurotransmitter health
26
What does L-theanine do in the body for neurotransmitters
``` acts as GABA agonist antagonistic effects on glutamate receptors modulate serotonin, GABA and dopamine is an amino acid in green tea provides a calming effect in the brain module mood and create well being reduce mental and physical stress improve cognition increase focus when combined with caffeine ```
27
How does vitamin D help the body
activates the gene expression of the enzyme of Tyrosine hydroxyls and tryptophan
28
What is significant for fish oil
EPA- anti-inflammatory | DHA- contributes to fluidity of cell membrane
29
What is the function of serotonin
mood control, sleep, pain, GI motility | Biochemically derived amino acid Tryptophan: 90% in GI, 10% in CNS and platelets
30
What are symptoms of imbalance in serotonin
``` physical changes depressed mood thoughts of suicide racing thoughts emotional OCD crying Loss of interest ```
31
What autoimmune condition is consistent with low serotonin levels
celiac
32
How to increase serotonin without drugs
positive mood induction Light therapy Exercise Nutrition
33
What is dopamine
``` response for reward response: especially if reward is perceived as greater than expected stimulates pleasure responsible for locomtion and coordination of movement motivation behavior and cognition sleep mood attention and learning ```
34
What are disease associated with low and elevated dopamine
low- parkinson | elevated- paranoid and worried
35
What are effects of low dopamine
``` mood swings isolation loss of interest drop in sex drive forgetfulness prone to addiction Schizophrenia, autism, ADHD ```
36
How to support low dopamine
``` Tyrosine Macuna Pruriens L-Theanine Vitamin D Cofactors- Vitamin C, Iron, Vitamin B3, P-5-P, MTHFr, D ```
37
What is norepinephrine and Epinephrine
regulate fight or flight control attention and arousal regulate heart and blood pressure release glucose from energy stores
38
When is norepinephrine release
released by stressful events Locus coerulesu involved with physiological response to stress when released in peripheral comes from adrenal medulla
39
What is function and location of epinphrine
excreted in periphery synthesized in medulla of adrenal gland converts amino acid tyrosine into a series of intermediates and ultimately epinephrine ACTH stimulates adrenal cortex to release cortisol with increases express of PNMT in chromatin cells may be used as a neurotransmitter
40
Other functions of norepinephrine and epinephrine
regulate carb and lipid metabolism | released from storage vesicles in adrenal medulla
41
what are low levels of nori and epic significant of
poor attention, poor memory, decreased concentration and reduce socialization
42
What do excessive levels of norepinephrine and epinephrine cause
``` palpitations tachycardia arrhythmia headache restlessenss cold hands tremor hypertension acute pulmonary edema ```
43
How to best support Norepinephrine and epinephrine
L-theanine
44
What are symptoms associated with high Glutamate
anxiety, insomnia, ADHA, seizure, ALS/MS, autism Alzheimer
45
What are symptoms associated with low Glutamate
depression, fatigue, brain for, addiction,/dependency, slowed learning
46
What can increase Glutamate
MSG- Carrageenan, seasonings, soy sauce, barley malt any "flavors", bouillon and broth
47
What is GABA
inhibitory transmitter relaxing and calming synthesized from glutamate and P5P Predominant receptor- GABA- utilize nueroactive drug like Bezo- often used to treat anxiety, seizures, act as sedative or muscle relaxant
48
Supplements for Low GABA
``` L-Theanine GABA Phenibut Glutamine Co-factor P5P ```
49
supplement for High GABA
L-theanine | GABA does not cross BBB
50
How does inflammation manifest clinically
anxiety, depression stress-> nervous and immune system-> neurotransmitter/cytokine imbalance
51
What does excessive inflammation lead to
oxidative stress
52
which is the true killer in inflammation
chronic
53
What are inflammation biomarkers
Pro-inflammatory cytokinesIL-1, TNF-a, IFN-y, IL-12 Neurotransmitters Sulfite- from neutrophils Oxidative Stress- DPOAC, 5-HIAA, Kyneruenci acid, quinolinic acid, mitozox, mitochondrial function, oxidized LDL, Oxidized cariolipin CRP
54
Sequence of inflammation
inflammation-> increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines and increase in immune neurotransmitter-> increase in free radicals-> leading to oxidative stress->derailment of important pathways( ANS, HPA axis, tryptophan, tyrosine pathway)
55
What is oxidative stress
imbalance between free radicals and body's antioxidant system
56
What are good free radicals
ATP synthesis, inflammation, oxidase reaction and others, defense against infectious agents, signaling of cellular function, regulation of biochemical pathway
57
What does oxidative stress depend on
duration of inflammation( acute or chronic), antioxidant capacity
58
Oxidavtive stress and genetics
SOD1, 2, and 3- superoxide dismutase Catalase(CAT) Glutathione Peroxidase( GPX) if significant oxidative stress- test for SNP
59
What are the functions of mitrochondria
Burn dietary carbs and fat | burn fuel need to combine with oxygen
60
Disease linked to mitochondrial dysfunction
``` cardiomyopathy liver abnormalities-hepatic peripheral neuropathy-neurodegenerative CFS-immune Multiple chemical sensitivity- hepatic Pancreatitis, T22 diabetes ALS ```
61
What is best way to protect and enhance mitochondrial function
``` NAC, balance with Acetyl-L-Carnitine alpha Lipoic Acid Coenzyme Q-10 Methl Folate Methyl B12 Catenoids Vitamin C, D, E ```
62
What disease does mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative damage play a role
Chronic Fatigue Syndrome
63
What is a treatment protocol studied to aid in repair of mitochondria in treatment for CFS and Fibromyalgia
Mitochondrial Nutrients and Low dose Ritalin
64
What are key concept in using Mitochondrial support for CFS and Fibro
Mild symtpoms- only nutrients Severe symptoms: nutrients + Low dose stimulant always take nutrients with food drink 4-6 glasses of water a day avoid caffeine or at least not after 2 pm
65
How does obesity lead to diabetes
Fat Cell->( decreased Adiponectin), (increased MCP-1, IL-6, THFa and Leptin)_> inflammation_> atherosclerosis and sirloin resistance
66
Complications of diabetes
cancer 2-3x risk of dementia various impairements increased risk of following: coronary disease, stroke, erectile dysfunction, kidney disease)
67
Food as treatment in diabetes
no my pyramid meditteraean diet- low or no grain and bean higher protein tends to make more patients feel better lots of wild salmon mostly veggies, moderate meat, birds, seafood and eggs
68
Supplements for Diabetes
``` berberine Plany polyphenols: curcumin, Reveratrol Alpha Lipoic Acid Organic Moringa Powder Probiotic Magnesium Biotin Chromium L-Carnitine Omega 3 ```

Functional Med University (7 decks)

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