Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards
Oxidative phosphorylation can be broken down into three themes:
1.
2.
3.
Oxidative phosphorylation can be broken down into three themes:
- Electron Transport Chain
- Chemiosmoosis
- ATP synthase
___________ and __________ which are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ___________ via oxidattive phosphorylation
NADH and FADH2 which are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATPsynthase via oxidattive phosphorylation
NAD+
- ________ adenine dinucleotide
- a ________ of oxidation-reduction
- _______ a metabolite by accepting electrons, the metabolite is _______ and the NAD+ is _______
- _______ a metabolite by giving up electrons. The NADH is _______and the metabolite is _________
- Each NAD+ molecules is used over and over again
NAD+
- nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
- a co-enzyme of oxidation-reduction
- oxidises a metabolite by accepting electrons, the metabolite is oxidised and the NAD+ is reduced
- Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons. The NADH is oxidised and the metabolite is reduced
- Each NAD+ molecules is used over and over again
Where does the electron transport chain take place?
In the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion- cristae
Most of the chains components are _________ which exist in multiprotein complexes I - IV
Most of the chains components are proteins which exist in multiprotein complexes I - IV
Tighly bound to the proteins of the electron transport chain are ___________ Groups (redox Centres) that participate in moving electrons.
Tighly bound to the proteins of the electron transport chain are prosthetic Groups (redox Centres) that participate in moving electrons.
The________ carriers alternate between reduced and oxidised states as they accept and donate electrons
The electron carriers alternate between reduced and oxidised states as they accept and donate electrons
electrons drop in _________ energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to ______ forming _______
electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2 forming H2O
Electron transport Chain
Complex I: ____________
Function: catalyses an NADH-CoQ reductase reaction
Conjsists of 2 electron carrying structures:
- ____________ (FMN)
- _____________ (Fe.S)
Electron transport Chain
Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase
Function: catalyses an NADH-CoQ reductase reaction
Conjsists of 2 electron carrying structures:
- Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
- Iron Sulphur Centres (Fe.S)
What is Flavin mononucleotides?
tightly bound group of NADH dehydrogenase electron carriers.
What are prosthetic groups?
non-peptide, non-protein compounds that attach to proteins to allow them to carry out a function
Complex II: succinate dehydrogenase
- succiant-CoQ reductase (4 subunits)
- succinate dehydrogenase is also a component of complex II
Ubiquinone-Q: is involved with various complexes and is not a static molecule
- co-enzyme Q10 is a fat soluble vitamin like hydrophobic molecule
- only member of the ETC to not be a protein
- Mobile within the membrane via diffussion, rather then residing in a particular complex
Compex III: ________ C oxireductase
CoQH2-___________ C reductase (11 subunits)
Compex III: cytochrone C oxireductase
CoQH2-cytochrome C reductase (11 subunits)
Type IV complex: ________ oxidase
________- heme/haem proteins that undergo redox reactions
_________ oxidase (13 subunits) large transmembrane protein
Type IV complex: cytochrome oxidase
Cytochromes- heme/haem proteins that undergo redox reactions
cytochrom oxidase (13 subunits) large transmembrane protein
How many complexes are there in the electron transport chain?
4
How many stages of the electron transport machine are there?
6
What is the first stage of the electron transport chain?
electrons are transferred from NADH to Flavinmononucleotide in complex 1
What happens in the second stage of the electron transport chain?
Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) returns to its oxidised form as it passes electrons to the iron-sulfur protein in complex I.
What is the third stage of the ETC?
The fe.S protein then passes the electrons to ubiquinone (Q)
What happens in the 4th stage of the ETC?
A series of sequential redox reactions through complex III- facilitates a further energy drop.
What happens in the 5th satge of the ETC?
The last cytochrome in the chain in complex IV-cyta3- passes its electrons to O2 which is very electronegative.
What happens in the 6th stage of the ETC?
Each O2 also picks up a pair of hydrogen Ions, forming H2O
What is the electron transport cahins function?
Its function is to ease the fall of electrons from food to oxygen breaking a large, free energy drop into a series of smaller steps that release energy in managable amounts
________: referring to electrochemical concentration gradient
________: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass througha semipermiable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
_________: is the movement of ions across a slectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
Chemi: referring to electrochemical concentration gradient
Osmosis: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass througha semipermiable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one
Chemiosmosis: is the movement of ions across a slectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient
hydrogen Ions will diffuse from an area of _______ proton concentration to an area of ______ proton concentration
hydrogen Ions will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of low proton concentration
Chemiosmosis functions in conjunction with a protein complex, ___________, which is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
Chemiosmosis functions in conjunction with a protein complex, ATPsynthase, which is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.
___________ makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
atpsynthase makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate
Chemiosmosis:
- during the ETC protons are pumped out of the matrix into the _________ space
- this generates ________ motive force
- This _________ gradient is used to drive synthesis of ATP
Chemiosmosis:
- during the ETC protons are pumped out of the matrix into the innermembrane space
- this generates proton motive force
- This hydrogen ion gradient is used to drive synthesis of ATP
Chemiosmosis:
- certain members of the ETC accept and release _______along with electrons
- The aqueous solutions inside and surrounding the cell are a ready source of _______ (protons)
- At certain steps along the chain the electron transfers cause __________ to be taken up and released into the surrounding solution
Chemiosmosis:
- certain members of the ETC accept and release protons along with electrons
- The aqueous solutions inside and surrounding the cell are a ready source of H+ (protons)
- At certain steps along the chain the electron transfers cause H+ to be taken up and released into the surrounding solution
- For every electron pair transferred from _________to O2, 10 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space
- For every electron pair transferred from __________ to O2 6 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space.
- For every electron pair transferred from NADH to O2, 10 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space
- For every electron pair transferred from FADH2 to O2 6 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space.
ATPsynthase:
- sometimes reffered to as _______
- many copies populating the inner ________ membrane
- The ATP synthase is a F0F1 complex
- Enzyme, molecular motor, ion pump
- works like an ion pump in _________
ATPsynthase:
- cometimes reffered to as complex V
- many copies populating the inner mitochondrial membrane
- The ATP synthase is a F0F1 complex
- Enzyme, molecular motor, ion pump
- works like an ion pump in reverse
What are the 4 main parts of ATPsynthase?
Stator
rotor
Rod
Catalytic knob
What is a stator?
H+ ions flowing down their gradient enter channel in the stator which is anchored in the membrnane (ion pump function)
What is the Rotor?
H+ ions entering binding sites in the rotor changing the shape of each subunit so that the rotor spins within the membrane (molecular motor function)
What is the rod?
spinning of the rotor causes an internal rod to spin as well which extends below into the catalytic knob (molecular motor function)
What is the catalytic knob?
turning rod activates catalytic sitrs in the catalytic knob that produce ATP from ADP and Pi, enzymatic function
- In the mitochondria the energy for the _________formation comes from exergonic redox
- __________: chemical or metabolic process accompanied by release of energy
- ___________ use chemiosmosis to generate ATP during photosynthesis
- In the mitochondria the energy for the gradient formation comes from exergonic redox
- Exergonic: chemical or metabolic process accompanied by release of energy
- Chloroplasts use chemiosmosis to generate ATP during photosynthesis
What is the aprroxamated amount of ATP created from cellular respiration?
32 ATP
Glycolysis produces:
- 2 _________
- _____ NADH
- ______net ATP
Krebs cycle produces:
- ______ CO2
- _____ ATP
- ____ NADH
- _____ FADH2
Oxidative phosphorylation produces:
- _______ ATP
- 6 ________
Glycolysis produces:
- 2 pyruvate
- 2 NADH
- 2 net ATP
Krebs cycle produces:
- 6 CO2
- 2 ATP
- 8 NADH
- 2 FADH2
Oxidative phosphorylation produces:
- 26 - 28 ATP
- 6 H2O
