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Energy Metabolism > Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

Oxidative phosphorylation can be broken down into three themes:

1.

2.

3.

A

Oxidative phosphorylation can be broken down into three themes:

  1. Electron Transport Chain
  2. Chemiosmoosis
  3. ATP synthase
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2
Q

___________ and __________ which are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ___________ via oxidattive phosphorylation

A

NADH and FADH2 which are electron carriers, donate electrons to the electron transport chain, which powers ATPsynthase via oxidattive phosphorylation

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3
Q

NAD+

  1. ________ adenine dinucleotide
  2. a ________ of oxidation-reduction
  3. _______ a metabolite by accepting electrons, the metabolite is _______ and the NAD+ is _______
  4. _______ a metabolite by giving up electrons. The NADH is _______and the metabolite is _________
  5. Each NAD+ molecules is used over and over again
A

NAD+

  1. nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
  2. a co-enzyme of oxidation-reduction
  3. oxidises a metabolite by accepting electrons, the metabolite is oxidised and the NAD+ is reduced
  4. Reduce a metabolite by giving up electrons. The NADH is oxidised and the metabolite is reduced
  5. Each NAD+ molecules is used over and over again
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4
Q

Where does the electron transport chain take place?

A

In the folds of the inner membrane of the mitochondrion- cristae

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5
Q

Most of the chains components are _________ which exist in multiprotein complexes I - IV

A

Most of the chains components are proteins which exist in multiprotein complexes I - IV

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6
Q

Tighly bound to the proteins of the electron transport chain are ___________ Groups (redox Centres) that participate in moving electrons.

A

Tighly bound to the proteins of the electron transport chain are prosthetic Groups (redox Centres) that participate in moving electrons.

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7
Q

The________ carriers alternate between reduced and oxidised states as they accept and donate electrons

A

The electron carriers alternate between reduced and oxidised states as they accept and donate electrons

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8
Q

electrons drop in _________ energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to ______ forming _______

A

electrons drop in free energy as they go down the chain and are finally passed to O2 forming H2O

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9
Q

Electron transport Chain

Complex I: ____________

Function: catalyses an NADH-CoQ reductase reaction

Conjsists of 2 electron carrying structures:

  1. ____________ (FMN)
  2. _____________ (Fe.S)
A

Electron transport Chain

Complex I: NADH Dehydrogenase

Function: catalyses an NADH-CoQ reductase reaction

Conjsists of 2 electron carrying structures:

  1. Flavin mononucleotide (FMN)
  2. Iron Sulphur Centres (Fe.S)
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10
Q

What is Flavin mononucleotides?

A

tightly bound group of NADH dehydrogenase electron carriers.

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11
Q

What are prosthetic groups?

A

non-peptide, non-protein compounds that attach to proteins to allow them to carry out a function

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12
Q
A

Complex II: succinate dehydrogenase

  • succiant-CoQ reductase (4 subunits)
  • succinate dehydrogenase is also a component of complex II
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13
Q
A

Ubiquinone-Q: is involved with various complexes and is not a static molecule

  • co-enzyme Q10 is a fat soluble vitamin like hydrophobic molecule
  • only member of the ETC to not be a protein
  • Mobile within the membrane via diffussion, rather then residing in a particular complex
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14
Q

Compex III: ________ C oxireductase

CoQH2-___________ C reductase (11 subunits)

A

Compex III: cytochrone C oxireductase

CoQH2-cytochrome C reductase (11 subunits)

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15
Q

Type IV complex: ________ oxidase

________- heme/haem proteins that undergo redox reactions

_________ oxidase (13 subunits) large transmembrane protein

A

Type IV complex: cytochrome oxidase

Cytochromes- heme/haem proteins that undergo redox reactions

cytochrom oxidase (13 subunits) large transmembrane protein

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16
Q

How many complexes are there in the electron transport chain?

A

4

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17
Q

How many stages of the electron transport machine are there?

A

6

18
Q

What is the first stage of the electron transport chain?

A

electrons are transferred from NADH to Flavinmononucleotide in complex 1

19
Q

What happens in the second stage of the electron transport chain?

A

Flavin mononucleotide (FMN) returns to its oxidised form as it passes electrons to the iron-sulfur protein in complex I.

20
Q

What is the third stage of the ETC?

A

The fe.S protein then passes the electrons to ubiquinone (Q)

21
Q

What happens in the 4th stage of the ETC?

A

A series of sequential redox reactions through complex III- facilitates a further energy drop.

22
Q

What happens in the 5th satge of the ETC?

A

The last cytochrome in the chain in complex IV-cyta3- passes its electrons to O2 which is very electronegative.

23
Q

What happens in the 6th stage of the ETC?

A

Each O2 also picks up a pair of hydrogen Ions, forming H2O

24
Q

What is the electron transport cahins function?

A

Its function is to ease the fall of electrons from food to oxygen breaking a large, free energy drop into a series of smaller steps that release energy in managable amounts

25
Q

________: referring to electrochemical concentration gradient

________: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass througha semipermiable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

_________: is the movement of ions across a slectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

A

Chemi: referring to electrochemical concentration gradient

Osmosis: a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass througha semipermiable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more concentrated one

Chemiosmosis: is the movement of ions across a slectively permeable membrane down their electrochemical gradient

26
Q

hydrogen Ions will diffuse from an area of _______ proton concentration to an area of ______ proton concentration

A

hydrogen Ions will diffuse from an area of high proton concentration to an area of low proton concentration

27
Q

Chemiosmosis functions in conjunction with a protein complex, ___________, which is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A

Chemiosmosis functions in conjunction with a protein complex, ATPsynthase, which is present in the inner mitochondrial membrane.

28
Q

___________ makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

A

atpsynthase makes ATP from ADP and inorganic phosphate

29
Q

Chemiosmosis:

  • during the ETC protons are pumped out of the matrix into the _________ space
  • this generates ________ motive force
  • This _________ gradient is used to drive synthesis of ATP
A

Chemiosmosis:

  • during the ETC protons are pumped out of the matrix into the innermembrane space
  • this generates proton motive force
  • This hydrogen ion gradient is used to drive synthesis of ATP
30
Q

Chemiosmosis:

  • certain members of the ETC accept and release _______along with electrons
  • The aqueous solutions inside and surrounding the cell are a ready source of _______ (protons)
  • At certain steps along the chain the electron transfers cause __________ to be taken up and released into the surrounding solution
A

Chemiosmosis:

  • certain members of the ETC accept and release protons along with electrons
  • The aqueous solutions inside and surrounding the cell are a ready source of H+ (protons)
  • At certain steps along the chain the electron transfers cause H+ to be taken up and released into the surrounding solution
31
Q
  • For every electron pair transferred from _________to O2, 10 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space
  • For every electron pair transferred from __________ to O2 6 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space.
A
  • For every electron pair transferred from NADH to O2, 10 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space
  • For every electron pair transferred from FADH2 to O2 6 protons are transported from the matrix to the innermembrane space.
32
Q

ATPsynthase:

  • sometimes reffered to as _______
  • many copies populating the inner ________ membrane
  • The ATP synthase is a F0F1 complex
  • Enzyme, molecular motor, ion pump
  • works like an ion pump in _________
A

ATPsynthase:

  • cometimes reffered to as complex V
  • many copies populating the inner mitochondrial membrane
  • The ATP synthase is a F0F1 complex
  • Enzyme, molecular motor, ion pump
  • works like an ion pump in reverse
33
Q

What are the 4 main parts of ATPsynthase?

A

Stator

rotor

Rod

Catalytic knob

34
Q

What is a stator?

A

H+ ions flowing down their gradient enter channel in the stator which is anchored in the membrnane (ion pump function)

35
Q

What is the Rotor?

A

H+ ions entering binding sites in the rotor changing the shape of each subunit so that the rotor spins within the membrane (molecular motor function)

36
Q

What is the rod?

A

spinning of the rotor causes an internal rod to spin as well which extends below into the catalytic knob (molecular motor function)

37
Q

What is the catalytic knob?

A

turning rod activates catalytic sitrs in the catalytic knob that produce ATP from ADP and Pi, enzymatic function

38
Q
  • In the mitochondria the energy for the _________formation comes from exergonic redox
  • __________: chemical or metabolic process accompanied by release of energy
  • ___________ use chemiosmosis to generate ATP during photosynthesis
A
  • In the mitochondria the energy for the gradient formation comes from exergonic redox
  • Exergonic: chemical or metabolic process accompanied by release of energy
  • Chloroplasts use chemiosmosis to generate ATP during photosynthesis
39
Q

What is the aprroxamated amount of ATP created from cellular respiration?

A

32 ATP

40
Q

Glycolysis produces:

  • 2 _________
  • _____ NADH
  • ______net ATP

Krebs cycle produces:

  • ______ CO2
  • _____ ATP
  • ____ NADH
  • _____ FADH2

Oxidative phosphorylation produces:

  • _______ ATP
  • 6 ________
A

Glycolysis produces:

  • 2 pyruvate
  • 2 NADH
  • 2 net ATP

Krebs cycle produces:

  • 6 CO2
  • 2 ATP
  • 8 NADH
  • 2 FADH2

Oxidative phosphorylation produces:

  • 26 - 28 ATP
  • 6 H2O
41
Q
A

Energy Metabolism (4 decks)

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