Glycolysis Flashcards
What is metabolism?
Sum total of all chemical reactions/processes in a living organism
What is catabolism
breaking down to get energy and building blocks for biosyntesis
What is anabolism
building up: biosynthesis
What is a catabolic pathway?
metabolic pathways that release stored energy
electron transfer plays a large role in this
What is a reducing agent?
an electron donor
What is an oxidising agent
electron receptor
What makes up a nucleotide triphosphate?
nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups
What does….
ATP
ADP
AMP
stand for?
Adenosine triphosphate
adenosine diphosphate
adenosine monophosphate
What does NAD stand for?
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide
Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is found in 2 forms in cells when in __________ form it accepts electrons from another molecule and is therefore ____________
NAD+
Reduced
What is a coenzyme/cofactor?
a non protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.
When Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is in the NADH form it is in a ______________ state
When Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is in the NAD+ form it is in its ____________ state
reduced state
oxidised
NAD+/NADH works with _______________ co-enzymes to catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms
dehydrogenase
What are the three main stages fo cellular respiration?
glycolysis
citric cycle
oxidative phosphorylation
What is cellular respiration
The harvesting of energy from glucose in a cumulative finction of three metabooic stages
Whare doea glycolysis take place?
cytoplasm
Where does the krebs cycle take place
mitochondrial matrix
Where does pxidative phosphorylation take place?
inner mitochondrial membrane
What is glycolysis?
harvesting chemical energy by oxididising glucose to pyruvate
What molecules are produced during glycolysis?
ATP, Pyruvate and NADH
What are the two major phases of glycolysis?
Energy investment phase
Energy payoff phase
How many steps make uo glycolysis?
10
How many steps are in the energy investment phase of glycolysis? `
5
How many steps are in the energy payoff phase?
5
What enxyme is used in the first stage of glycolysis?
hexokinase
What enzyme is used in the second stage of glycolysis? `
phosphoglucoisomerase
What enzyme is used in the third stage of glycolysis?
phosphofrukinase
What enzyme is used in the 4th stage of glycolysis?
adolase
what enzyme is used in the 5th stage of glycolysis?
isomerase
What enzymes are used in the investment stage of glycolysis?
hexokinase
phosphoglucoisomerase
phosphofrukinase
adolase
isomerase
In order what are the molecules in the investment stage of glycolysis?
glucose
glucose-6-phosphate
Fructose-6-phosphate
fructose- 1,6-biphosphate
glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ⇔ dihydroxyacetone phosphate
How many molecules of ATP are used in the investment stage of glycolysis?
2
Whta happens in the first step of glycolysis?
What is the chemical reaction?
The enzyme hexokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glusose
glucose + ATP ⇒ Glucose-6- phosphate + ADP
What happens in the second stage of glycolysis?
phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose6-phosphate into its isomer fructose - 6 - phosphate
what hppens in stage three of glycolysis?
What is the chemical reactin?
The enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to the the 1’ carbon on the fructose-6-phosphate
fructose-6 phosphate + ATP ⇒ Fructose-1,6,biphosphate + ADP
What happens in stage 4 of glycooysis?
The enzyme aldolase splits fructose-1,6-diphosphate into 2 carbons sugars
- Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
- Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
What does G3P stand for?
glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate
What does DHAP stand for?
Dihydroxyacetonephosphate
what happens in the 5th stage of glycolysis?
The isomerase enzyme facilitaes the rapid conversion between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dehydroxyacetone phosphate. The G3P is used as soon as it forms in the next stage of glycolysis.
How many:
NAD+
ADP
molecules are used in the payoff phase of glycolysis?
2x NAD+
4x ADP
How many ATP are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?
4 ATP
How many NADH molecules are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?
2 NADH
How many water molecules are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?
2 water molecules
What enzymes are involved in the payoff stage of glycolysis?
triosephosphate dehydrogenase
phosphoglycerokinase
phosphoglyceromutase
Enolase
Pyruvate Kinase
What enzyme is involved in the 6th stage of glycolysis?
triose phosphate dehydrogenase
What enzyme is involved in the 7th stage of glycolysis?
phosphoglycerokinase
What enzyme is involved in the 8th stage of glycolysis?
phosphoglyceromutase
What enzyme is invovled in the 9th stage of glycolysis?
Enolase
What enzyme is involved in the 10th stage of glycolysis?
pyrivate kinase
What happens in the 6th stage of lgycolysis?
what is the chemical reaction?
G3P is oxidised, a phosphate group is attached to the oxidised G3P, forming 1,3-biphosphogklycerate
2 glyceraldehdye-3-phosphate + 2 NAD ⇒ 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + 2 NADH
What happens in the 7th stage of glycolysis?
what is the chemical reaction?
The enzyme phosophoglycerokinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to the ADP. The carbonyl group has been oxidised to a carboxyl group of an organic acid 3-phosphoglycerate
2 1,3,-biphosphoglycerate + 2 ADP ⇒ 2 3-phospho-glycerate + 2 ATP
What happens in step 8 of glycolysis?
The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the phosphate from the 3’ to the 2’ carbon. Creating 2-phosphogylcerate
What is a Mutase?
an enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule
What happens in step 9 of glycolysis?
What is the chemical equation?
The enzyme enolase extracts a water molecule and causes a new double bond to form, producing the high energy compound phosphoenolpyruvate. (PEP)
3-phosphoglycerate ⇒ H2O + phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)
What does PEP stand for?
phosphoenolpyruvate
What is Enolase?
phosphopyruvate hydratase, which is a metalloenzyme, which creates a metal ion.
What happens in the 10th stage of glycolysis?
What is the chemical equation?
The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, resulting in the formation of ATP and pyruvate.
phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP ⇒ pyruvate + ATP
What percentage of ATP is generated by cellualar respiration is generated from oxidative phosphorylation?
90%
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP or GDP from another phosphorylated compound.
What is the NET production of molecules at the end of glycolysis?
2 pyruvate
2 H2O
2 ATP
2 NADH + 2H+
2 nad + 4 ________ + 4 _______ ⇒ 2 NADH + 2 _________
2 nad + 4 e- + 4 H+ ⇒ 2 NADH + 2 H+
If there is no need for ATP in the cell then _________ can be stored upon conversion to fat.
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
The balance between _______ and ________ is important in regulating overall cell metabolism
The balance between glyceraldehyde-3phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is important in regulating overall cell metabolism
The mitochondria matrix contains?
DNA
Transcription/Translation enzymes
ß-oxidation enzymes
gluconeogenesis enzymes
The pyruvate enters the mitochonria via ____________ transport, against the __________ gradient.
active
concentration
