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Energy Metabolism > Glycolysis > Flashcards

Glycolysis Flashcards

1
Q

What is metabolism?

A

Sum total of all chemical reactions/processes in a living organism

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2
Q

What is catabolism

A

breaking down to get energy and building blocks for biosyntesis

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3
Q

What is anabolism

A

building up: biosynthesis

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4
Q

What is a catabolic pathway?

A

metabolic pathways that release stored energy

electron transfer plays a large role in this

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5
Q

What is a reducing agent?

A

an electron donor

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6
Q

What is an oxidising agent

A

electron receptor

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7
Q

What makes up a nucleotide triphosphate?

A

nitrogenous base, ribose sugar, and three phosphate groups

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8
Q

What does….

ATP

ADP

AMP

stand for?

A

Adenosine triphosphate

adenosine diphosphate

adenosine monophosphate

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9
Q

What does NAD stand for?

A

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide

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10
Q

Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) is found in 2 forms in cells when in __________ form it accepts electrons from another molecule and is therefore ____________

A

NAD+

Reduced

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11
Q

What is a coenzyme/cofactor?

A

a non protein compound that is necessary for the functioning of an enzyme.

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12
Q

When Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is in the NADH form it is in a ______________ state

When Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide is in the NAD+ form it is in its ____________ state

A

reduced state

oxidised

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13
Q

NAD+/NADH works with _______________ co-enzymes to catalyse the removal of hydrogen atoms

A

dehydrogenase

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14
Q

What are the three main stages fo cellular respiration?

A

glycolysis

citric cycle

oxidative phosphorylation

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15
Q

What is cellular respiration

A

The harvesting of energy from glucose in a cumulative finction of three metabooic stages

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16
Q

Whare doea glycolysis take place?

A

cytoplasm

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17
Q

Where does the krebs cycle take place

A

mitochondrial matrix

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18
Q

Where does pxidative phosphorylation take place?

A

inner mitochondrial membrane

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19
Q

What is glycolysis?

A

harvesting chemical energy by oxididising glucose to pyruvate

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20
Q

What molecules are produced during glycolysis?

A

ATP, Pyruvate and NADH

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21
Q

What are the two major phases of glycolysis?

A

Energy investment phase

Energy payoff phase

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22
Q

How many steps make uo glycolysis?

A

10

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23
Q

How many steps are in the energy investment phase of glycolysis? `

A

5

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24
Q

How many steps are in the energy payoff phase?

A

5

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25
Q

What enxyme is used in the first stage of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase

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26
Q

What enzyme is used in the second stage of glycolysis? `

A

phosphoglucoisomerase

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27
Q

What enzyme is used in the third stage of glycolysis?

A

phosphofrukinase

28
Q

What enzyme is used in the 4th stage of glycolysis?

A

adolase

29
Q

what enzyme is used in the 5th stage of glycolysis?

A

isomerase

30
Q

What enzymes are used in the investment stage of glycolysis?

A

hexokinase

phosphoglucoisomerase

phosphofrukinase

adolase

isomerase

31
Q

In order what are the molecules in the investment stage of glycolysis?

A

glucose

glucose-6-phosphate

Fructose-6-phosphate

fructose- 1,6-biphosphate

glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate ⇔ dihydroxyacetone phosphate

32
Q

How many molecules of ATP are used in the investment stage of glycolysis?

A

2

33
Q

Whta happens in the first step of glycolysis?

What is the chemical reaction?

A

The enzyme hexokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to glusose

glucose + ATP ⇒ Glucose-6- phosphate + ADP

34
Q

What happens in the second stage of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglucoisomerase converts glucose6-phosphate into its isomer fructose - 6 - phosphate

35
Q

what hppens in stage three of glycolysis?

What is the chemical reactin?

A

The enzyme phosphofructokinase transfers a phosphate group from ATP to the the 1’ carbon on the fructose-6-phosphate

fructose-6 phosphate + ATP ⇒ Fructose-1,6,biphosphate + ADP

36
Q

What happens in stage 4 of glycooysis?

A

The enzyme aldolase splits fructose-1,6-diphosphate into 2 carbons sugars

  1. Glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate (G3P)
  2. Dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)
37
Q

What does G3P stand for?

A

glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate

38
Q

What does DHAP stand for?

A

Dihydroxyacetonephosphate

39
Q

what happens in the 5th stage of glycolysis?

A

The isomerase enzyme facilitaes the rapid conversion between glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate and dehydroxyacetone phosphate. The G3P is used as soon as it forms in the next stage of glycolysis.

40
Q

How many:

NAD+

ADP

molecules are used in the payoff phase of glycolysis?

A

2x NAD+

4x ADP

41
Q

How many ATP are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

A

4 ATP

42
Q

How many NADH molecules are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

A

2 NADH

43
Q

How many water molecules are produced in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

A

2 water molecules

44
Q

What enzymes are involved in the payoff stage of glycolysis?

A

triosephosphate dehydrogenase

phosphoglycerokinase

phosphoglyceromutase

Enolase

Pyruvate Kinase

45
Q

What enzyme is involved in the 6th stage of glycolysis?

A

triose phosphate dehydrogenase

46
Q

What enzyme is involved in the 7th stage of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglycerokinase

47
Q

What enzyme is involved in the 8th stage of glycolysis?

A

phosphoglyceromutase

48
Q

What enzyme is invovled in the 9th stage of glycolysis?

A

Enolase

49
Q

What enzyme is involved in the 10th stage of glycolysis?

A

pyrivate kinase

50
Q

What happens in the 6th stage of lgycolysis?

what is the chemical reaction?

A

G3P is oxidised, a phosphate group is attached to the oxidised G3P, forming 1,3-biphosphogklycerate

2 glyceraldehdye-3-phosphate + 2 NAD ⇒ 2 1,3-biphosphoglycerate + 2 NADH

51
Q

What happens in the 7th stage of glycolysis?

what is the chemical reaction?

A

The enzyme phosophoglycerokinase transfers a phosphate group from 1,3-biphosphoglycerate to the ADP. The carbonyl group has been oxidised to a carboxyl group of an organic acid 3-phosphoglycerate

2 1,3,-biphosphoglycerate + 2 ADP ⇒ 2 3-phospho-glycerate + 2 ATP

52
Q

What happens in step 8 of glycolysis?

A

The enzyme phosphoglyceromutase relocates the phosphate from the 3’ to the 2’ carbon. Creating 2-phosphogylcerate

53
Q

What is a Mutase?

A

an enzyme of the isomerase class that catalyzes the shifting of a functional group from one position to another within the same molecule

54
Q

What happens in step 9 of glycolysis?

What is the chemical equation?

A

The enzyme enolase extracts a water molecule and causes a new double bond to form, producing the high energy compound phosphoenolpyruvate. (PEP)

3-phosphoglycerate ⇒ H2O + phosphoenolpyruvate (PEP)

55
Q

What does PEP stand for?

A

phosphoenolpyruvate

56
Q

What is Enolase?

A

phosphopyruvate hydratase, which is a metalloenzyme, which creates a metal ion.

57
Q

What happens in the 10th stage of glycolysis?

What is the chemical equation?

A

The enzyme pyruvate kinase transfers the phosphate group from phosphoenolpyruvate to ADP, resulting in the formation of ATP and pyruvate.

phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP ⇒ pyruvate + ATP

58
Q

What percentage of ATP is generated by cellualar respiration is generated from oxidative phosphorylation?

A

90%

59
Q

What is substrate-level phosphorylation?

A

Substrate-level phosphorylation is a metabolic reaction that results in the formation of ATP or GTP by the direct transfer of a phosphoryl (PO3) group to ADP or GDP from another phosphorylated compound.

60
Q

What is the NET production of molecules at the end of glycolysis?

A

2 pyruvate

2 H2O

2 ATP

2 NADH + 2H+

61
Q

2 nad + 4 ________ + 4 _______ ⇒ 2 NADH + 2 _________

A

2 nad + 4 e- + 4 H+ ⇒ 2 NADH + 2 H+

62
Q

If there is no need for ATP in the cell then _________ can be stored upon conversion to fat.

A

dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP)

63
Q

The balance between _______ and ________ is important in regulating overall cell metabolism

A

The balance between glyceraldehyde-3phosphate (G3P) and dihydroxyacetone phosphate (DHAP) is important in regulating overall cell metabolism

64
Q

The mitochondria matrix contains?

A

DNA

Transcription/Translation enzymes

ß-oxidation enzymes

gluconeogenesis enzymes

65
Q

The pyruvate enters the mitochonria via ____________ transport, against the __________ gradient.

A

active

concentration

66
Q
A

Energy Metabolism (4 decks)

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