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Metabolism & Nutrition > Oxidative phosphorylation > Flashcards

Oxidative phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

What molecule is formed from digestion of of all the macromolecules we eat, that can then enter the TCA cycle?

A

Acetyl-CoA

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2
Q

Where does oxidative phosphorylation takes place?

A

Inner mitochondrial membrane

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3
Q

What are the 2 mobile electron carriers of the electron transport chain?

A

Coenzyme Q
Cytochrome C

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4
Q

What is another name for coenzyme Q?

A

Ubiquinone

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5
Q

What is the ultimate e+ acceptor that drives the electron transport chain?

A

O2

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6
Q

ATP synthase refers to which complex?

A

Complex V

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7
Q

Complex I is known as

A

NADH-Q-oxidoreductase

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8
Q

Complexe I receives e- from what high energy molecule?

A

NADH

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9
Q

Complex II receives e- from what high energy molecule?

A

FADH2

From the conversion of succinate to fumarate

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10
Q

What is the name of complex II ?

A

Succinate-Q-reductase

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11
Q

Electrons are transferred from NADH to coenzyme Q via what what complex?

A

Complex I

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12
Q

Cyt C oxidase refers to what complex ?

A

Complex IV

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13
Q

Which complex passes the e- to cytochrome C

A

Complex III

Q-cytC oxidoreductase

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14
Q

Which complex completes the the electron transport chain, passing the e- to O2 cause it to be reduced to H20?

A

Complex IV

Cyt C oxidase

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15
Q

What are the 2 sources of NADH?

A

Glycolysis
TCA cycle

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16
Q

Which complexes have flavin as a coenzyme?

A

Complex I & II in form of FMN and FAD (vit B2)

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17
Q

Which complex is not involved in pumping of protons ?

A

Complex II

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18
Q

Which complex is also known as Cytochrome a + a3

A

Complex IV

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19
Q

Which complex is also known as Cytochrome bc 1 ?

A

Complex III

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20
Q

Which electron transport chain carrier is a lipid ?

A

Coenzyme Q

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21
Q

Iron-sulfur proteins are found in what complexes ?

A

I, II & III

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22
Q

Which complex has 2 hemes, 2 copper centers required for splitting of molecular O2 and the only electron carrier in which the heme iron has an available site that reacts directly with O2 ?

A

Complex IV

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23
Q

Which complex has iron in its free form?

A

Complex IV

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24
Q

What makes the whole e- transport chain energy favorable ?

A

NADH is a strong donor and O2 is a strong acceptor.

O2 is very electronegative.

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25
Q

Coenzyme Q can accept hydrogen atoms from what ?

A

Complex I
Complex II
Glycerophosphate dehydrogenase (glycolysis)
Acyl coa dehydrogenase

26
Q

What are the 2 parts of ATP synthase

A

F0
F1

F0 is attached to the inner mitochondrial membrane

27
Q

What sub-units of the F1 sub-unit of ATP synthase attaches ADP + Pi

A

3 b sub-units

28
Q

For each H+ pumped, how many ATPs are made

A

3

29
Q

ATP is released by which sub-unit ?

A

alpha

30
Q

Where is F1 located ?

A

In the matrix

31
Q

ATP/ADP antiporter helps with what ?

A

ADP to go in and ATP to go out as it is formed since the inner mitochondrial membrane is impermeable.

32
Q

Regulation of the electron transport chain by :

* the rate of respiration of the mitochondria

A

Availability of ADP

33
Q

For each mol of substrate oxidized by complex I, III and IV via NADH, how many mol of ATP is formed

A

2.5 ATP rounded to 3 ATP

34
Q

FAD generally enters via complex? then distributed to ?

A

complex II
distributed to 3 and 4

35
Q

How many mol of ATP for 1 mol of FAD?

A

1.5 rounded up to 2

36
Q

What are uncouplers?

A

They increase the permeability of the membrane to ions or create a channel, allowing H+ to pass through the membrane without using ATP synthase.

They dirsupt the proton gradient, therefore no ATP is being made.

37
Q

What is the result of uncouplers or how to ID uncouplers in the questions?

A

No longer capture in the form ATP so the entire energy is dissipated as heat.

38
Q

Name a physiological uncoupler found in brown adipose tissue to generate heat in newborns.

A

Thermogenin

Generates heat by non shivering thermogenesis.

Neonates have high surface body area compared to adult meaning they lose more heat.

39
Q

Example of synthetic uncouplers

A

2,4 dinitrophenol

Lipophilic amphipatic proton carrier

Both case, physiological and synthetic uncouplers generate heat by highjacking the electron transport chain.

40
Q

Aspirin in an example of uncoupler that in high dose would lead to what ?

(and all other salicyclates)

A

Hyperthermia

41
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that would decrease the proton gradient ?

A

Uncoupling agents
Electron transport inh.

42
Q

ATP synthase inhibitors result in increase or decrease of protein gradient ?

A

Increase

43
Q

What atb binds the Fo component domain of ATP synthase, closing the H + channel and preveninting reentry of protons into the mitochondrial matrix ?

A

Oligomycin (macrolide atb)

No heat involved here, the electron transport chain is just entirely stoped.

44
Q

Oligomycin binds which complex?

A

Complex V

45
Q

Do uncouplers bind complexes ?

A

No, they only increase permeabiliy of the membrane which disrupts the electron transport chain.

46
Q

What poisons binds complexe IV

A

Cyanid
Carbon monoxide
H2S
Azide

47
Q

Barbiturates (amytal) binds what complex ?

A

Complex I

48
Q

Fish poison, also known as Rotenone binds which complex ?

A

Complex I

49
Q

Complex II is bound by what compound?

A

Malonate

50
Q

Metformin binds what complex ?

A

Complex I

51
Q

Antimycin A & Dimercaprol bind what complex ?

A

Complex III

52
Q

Fire is indication of what type of poisoning

A

CO
Cyanide

53
Q

Cyanide binds what form of iron?

A

Fe3+

54
Q

CO binds what form of iron ?

A

Fe2+

55
Q

Presence of smoke, soot in the mouth and nose after smoke inhalation, or odor of bitter almonds would indicate what ?

A

Cyanide or CO poisoning but presence of bitter almonds would indicate cyanide poisoning.

56
Q

With is the antidote for cyanide poisoning ?

A

Hydroxocobalamin or nitrates

this rx combines with cyanide to fomr B12 which is renally cleared.

Also
Nitrites
Thiosulfate

57
Q

Power outages, exhaust issues or fires, headache and no odor on pt, cherry pink color, multiple members of same household indicate?

A

CO poisoning

58
Q

What does Atractyloside ?

A

Inhibits oxidative phospo by inh transport ADP into and ATP out of the mitochondria.

59
Q

Severe diminution or absence of most oxidoreductases in the respiratory chain due to deletions or duplications of the mitochondrial DNA results in ?

A

Fatal infantile mitochondrial myopathy and renal dysfunction.

60
Q

What is Leigh syndrome ?

A

A rare neurologic disorder caused by genetic defect in oxidative phosphorylation (defective membrane protein complexes in the electron transport chain).

61
Q

What is MELAS

(Mitochondrial encephalopathy, lactic acidosis and stroke syndrome)

A

Inherited condition due to NADH-Q oxidoreductase (complex I) or cytochrome oxidase (IV) deficiency.

Caused by mutation in the mitochondrial DNA

Metabolism & Nutrition (9 decks)

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