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Metabolism & Nutrition > CHO > Flashcards

CHO Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of transport does glucose use to enter the enterocyte ?

A

Secondary active transport (symport)

SGLT symporter

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2
Q

Where can you find disaccharidases ?

A

Brush border enzymes of the enterocyte

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3
Q

Maltase, sucrase and lactase are what types of enzymes ?

A

Disaccharidases

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4
Q

Why can’t a-amylase work in the stomach?

A

Does not work at low pH

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5
Q

Digestion of CHO occurs where ?

A

Mouth and intestine

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6
Q

What type of bonds a-amylases break?

A

a 1,4
a 1,6

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7
Q

SGLT1 transport what across the enterocytes & proximal convoluted tubule?

A

D-Glucose
D-Galactose

Secondary active transport

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8
Q

Fructose uses what transporter for absorption at apical enterocyte?

A

GLUT 5

Facilitated transport

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9
Q

GLUT 2 is the transporter for what molecules and where is it present?

A

Glucose, galactose and fructose
(basal surface of the enterocyte)

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10
Q

Only transporter under the influence of insulin?

A

GLUT 4

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11
Q

Where are GLUT 4 transporters found ?

A

Muscle & adipose tissue

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12
Q

What transporter for CHO can be found in all mammalian tissues?

A

GLUT 1 & GLUT 3

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13
Q

Where are GLUT2 transporters found ?

A

Liver & pancreatic beta cells, intestines

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14
Q

GLUT 5 transporters can be found where ?

A

Small intestine

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15
Q

What is acquired enzyme deficiency ?

A

When brush border enzymes are rapidly loss in normal individuals with severe diarrhea which cuases temporary deficiency in the ability to digest something, such as lactose.

As opposed to genetic or primary lactose deficiency resulting a loss of lactase production.

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16
Q

What is b-glycosidase ?

A

Lactase

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17
Q

Disaccharides that are not correctly broken down move to the large intestine where they are fermented by bacteria. What is the test used to diagnose lactose intolerance?

A

H breath test

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18
Q

Salivary and pancreatic amylases are ?

A

isoenzymes

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19
Q

2 major dietary polysaccharides ?

A

Starch
Glycogen

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20
Q

During mastication, salivary a-amylase acts briefly on dietary starch and glycogen hydrolysing randomly what type of bonds ?

A

a (1–>4) bonds

21
Q

Cellulose has what type of bonds prevening us from absorbing it?

A

b (1–>4) glycosidic bonds

22
Q

What are the 2 main constituents of starch ?

A

Amylose (non branching)
Amylopectin (branched) with a 1–>4 and a 1–>6 linkages.

22
Q

What are the 2 main constituents of starch ?

A

Amylose (non branching)
Amylopectin (branched) with a 1–>4 and a 1–>6 linkages.

23
Q

What is the type of bonds between monosaccharides ?

A

Glycosidic bonds

24
Q

We absorb glucose only in what form ?

A

a-D-glucose

25
Q

Chemically, carbs are defined as ?

A

polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

26
Q

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose generates ?

A

2 pyruvates
2 ATPs

27
Q

Where does glycolysis occurs ?

A

Cytosol

28
Q

____ is able to perform glycolysis in absence of O2 ?

A

Skeletal muscles

29
Q

What is the end product of glycolysis?

A

Pyruvate

30
Q

Pyruvate gets converted into what in case of anaerobic conditions ?

A

Lactate

31
Q

Which type of muscle has low glycolytic activity and poor survival under low O2 ?

A

Cardiac muscle

32
Q

What enzyme traps glucose and turns it to glucose-6-phosphate to initiate glycolysis ?

A

Hexokinase/glucokinase

33
Q

What enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

A

PFK-1

34
Q

Main regulator of glycolysis (rate limiting step)

A

PFK-1

35
Q

Monosaccharides that have a aldehyde group are known as ?

A

Glyceraldhehyde (glucose)

36
Q

Monosaccharides that have a keto group are known as ?

A

Dihydroxyacetone (Fructose)

37
Q

Fructose, glucose, mannose and galactose all share the same formula but have different structures. What are they called in relation to each other ?

A

Isomers.

38
Q

Glucose and galactose are what compared to each other ?

A

C4 epimers.

39
Q

What are epimers ?

A

Carbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific atom.

40
Q

What are the C2 epimers ?

A

Glucose & Mannose

41
Q

Stereoisomer of glucose human can metablize ?

A

D-glucose

As opposed ot L-amino acid

The enzyme machinery of cells is specific to D-series monosaccharides.

42
Q

D glucose has 2 forms, alpha and beta. These two forms are anomers. They differ from each other in the configuration of what carbon ?

A

C1

43
Q

What does dextrose refer to ?

A

Glucose in solution

44
Q

Glucose + Fructose gives you ?

A

Sucrose

45
Q

Glucose + Glucose gives you ?

A

Maltose

46
Q

Glucose + galactose gives you ?

A

Lactose

47
Q

Functions of dietary fibers ?

A

Decrease concentration of glucose + cholesterol from the intestin
Increase the bulk of feces

48
Q

How many Na+ is cotransported from 1 molecule of glucose ?

A

2

Metabolism & Nutrition (9 decks)

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