CHO

Question 1

What kind of transport does glucose use to enter the enterocyte ?

Answer 1

Secondary active transport (symport)

SGLT symporter

Question 2

Where can you find disaccharidases ?

Answer 2

Brush border enzymes of the enterocyte

Question 3

Maltase, sucrase and lactase are what types of enzymes ?

Answer 3

Disaccharidases

Question 4

Why can’t a-amylase work in the stomach?

Answer 4

Does not work at low pH

Question 5

Digestion of CHO occurs where ?

Answer 5

Mouth and intestine

Question 6

What type of bonds a-amylases break?

Answer 6

a 1,4
a 1,6

Question 7

SGLT1 transport what across the enterocytes & proximal convoluted tubule?

Answer 7

D-Glucose
D-Galactose

Secondary active transport

Question 8

Fructose uses what transporter for absorption at apical enterocyte?

Answer 8

GLUT 5

Facilitated transport

Question 9

GLUT 2 is the transporter for what molecules and where is it present?

Answer 9

Glucose, galactose and fructose
(basal surface of the enterocyte)

Question 10

Only transporter under the influence of insulin?

Answer 10

GLUT 4

Question 11

Where are GLUT 4 transporters found ?

Answer 11

Muscle & adipose tissue

Question 12

What transporter for CHO can be found in all mammalian tissues?

Answer 12

GLUT 1 & GLUT 3

Question 13

Where are GLUT2 transporters found ?

Answer 13

Liver & pancreatic beta cells, intestines

Question 14

GLUT 5 transporters can be found where ?

Answer 14

Small intestine

Question 15

What is acquired enzyme deficiency ?

Answer 15

When brush border enzymes are rapidly loss in normal individuals with severe diarrhea which cuases temporary deficiency in the ability to digest something, such as lactose.

As opposed to genetic or primary lactose deficiency resulting a loss of lactase production.

Question 16

What is b-glycosidase ?

Answer 16

Lactase

Question 17

Disaccharides that are not correctly broken down move to the large intestine where they are fermented by bacteria. What is the test used to diagnose lactose intolerance?

Answer 17

H breath test

Question 18

Salivary and pancreatic amylases are ?

Answer 18

isoenzymes

Question 19

2 major dietary polysaccharides ?

Answer 19

Starch
Glycogen

Question 20

During mastication, salivary a-amylase acts briefly on dietary starch and glycogen hydrolysing randomly what type of bonds ?

Answer 20

a (1–>4) bonds

Question 21

Cellulose has what type of bonds prevening us from absorbing it?

Answer 21

b (1–>4) glycosidic bonds

Question 22

What are the 2 main constituents of starch ?

Answer 22

Amylose (non branching)
Amylopectin (branched) with a 1–>4 and a 1–>6 linkages.

Question 22

What are the 2 main constituents of starch ?

Answer 22

Amylose (non branching)
Amylopectin (branched) with a 1–>4 and a 1–>6 linkages.

Question 23

What is the type of bonds between monosaccharides ?

Answer 23

Glycosidic bonds

Question 24

We absorb glucose only in what form ?

Answer 24

a-D-glucose

Question 25

Chemically, carbs are defined as ?

Answer 25

polyhydroxy aldehydes or ketones

Question 26

During glycolysis, one molecule of glucose generates ?

Answer 26

2 pyruvates 2 ATPs

Question 27

Where does glycolysis occurs ?

Answer 27

Cytosol

Question 28

____ is able to perform glycolysis in absence of O2 ?

Answer 28

Skeletal muscles

Question 29

What is the end product of glycolysis?

Answer 29

Pyruvate

Question 30

Pyruvate gets converted into what in case of anaerobic conditions ?

Answer 30

Lactate

Question 31

Which type of muscle has low glycolytic activity and poor survival under low O2 ?

Answer 31

Cardiac muscle

Question 32

What enzyme traps glucose and turns it to glucose-6-phosphate to initiate glycolysis ?

Answer 32

Hexokinase/glucokinase

Question 33

What enzyme converts fructose-6-phosphate to fructose-1,6-bisphosphate

Answer 33

PFK-1

Question 34

Main regulator of glycolysis (rate limiting step)

Answer 34

PFK-1

Question 35

Monosaccharides that have a aldehyde group are known as ?

Answer 35

Glyceraldhehyde (glucose)

Question 36

Monosaccharides that have a keto group are known as ?

Answer 36

Dihydroxyacetone (Fructose)

Question 37

Fructose, glucose, mannose and galactose all share the same formula but have different structures. What are they called in relation to each other ?

Answer 37

Isomers.

Question 38

Glucose and galactose are what compared to each other ?

Answer 38

C4 epimers.

Question 39

What are epimers ?

Answer 39

Carbohydrate isomers that differ in configuration around only one specific atom.

Question 40

What are the C2 epimers ?

Answer 40

Glucose & Mannose

Question 41

Stereoisomer of glucose human can metablize ?

Answer 41

D-glucose | As opposed ot L-amino acid ## Footnote The enzyme machinery of cells is specific to D-series monosaccharides.

Question 42

D glucose has 2 forms, alpha and beta. These two forms are anomers. They differ from each other in the configuration of what carbon ?

Answer 42

C1

Question 43

What does dextrose refer to ?

Answer 43

Glucose in solution

Question 44

Glucose + Fructose gives you ?

Answer 44

Sucrose

Question 45

Glucose + Glucose gives you ?

Answer 45

Maltose

Question 46

Glucose + galactose gives you ?

Answer 46

Lactose

Question 47

Functions of dietary fibers ?

Answer 47

Decrease concentration of glucose + cholesterol from the intestin Increase the bulk of feces

Question 48

How many Na+ is cotransported from 1 molecule of glucose ?

Answer 48

2