Own Study Notes Flashcards
What are the 6 levels of structural organisation of the body?
Chemical level
Cellular level
Tissue level
Organ level
System level
Organismal level
True or False.
The cellular level of the body is where molecules join to make organelles.
True.
These are the basic structural and functional components that form all cells.
The tissue level is where the cells form to make tissues. These can be classified into four groups, what are they?
Epithelial tissue
Connective tissue
Muscle tissue
Nervous tissue
What is the function of the endocrine system?
Produce and secrete hormones that regulate the body process, such as:
reproduction
metabolism
growth
The ventral body cavity consists of:
a. thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity
b. thoracic cavity and spinal cavity
c. thoracic cavity and abdominal cavity
d. cranial cavity and spinal cavity
It contains the thoracic cavity, abdominal cavity and pelvic cavity (which includes rectum, reproductive and bladder)
What is the pH of blood?
7.35-7.45
Where is the instructions stored within an organelle for making every protein in your body?
a. nucleus
b. ribosomes
c. chromatin
d. mitochondrion
Chromatin it contains:
30% DNA
60% histones
10% RNA
How is homeostasis maintained in the body?
a. mostly negative feedback loops
b. mostly positive feedback loops
c. hormones
d. respiratory system
Mostly negative feedback loops
There are seven steps involved in maintaining homeostasis. The first one is a stimulus occurs and the body (inside or outside) detects a change.
What are the next six steps?
- Stimulus occurs - change is detected inside or outside the body.
- Receptor detects change.
- Receptor sends input to control centre - afferent pathway.
- Control centre recieves input and determines response.
- Output message - instructions sent to effector - efferent pathway.
- Effector changes function.
- Change in the body restores homeostasis.
What is the difference between a negative feedback loop and positive feedback loop?
A negative feedback loop acts to oppose the stimulus and therefore will bring the body back to homoestasis.
A positive feedback loop amilfies the starting signal and goes until the desired result is achieved - usually in childbirth or breastfeeding.
Cells form together to make tissues. There are four different types of tissue found in the body. Where might you find each type of the tissues below:
Nervous tissue
Muscle tissue
Connective tissue
Epithelial tissue
Nervous tissue - brain / spinal cord / nerves
Muscle tissue - skeletal / cardiac / smooth (hollow organs)
Connective tissue - bones / tendons / fat
Epithelial tissue - lining of digestive tract and organs / pancreas / epidermis
There are two main phases when a cell divides to form another cell. One is interphase, what is the other?
Mitotic phase
What is the formula to calculate how much of a drug is required?
Not all medication is prescribed using the same metric weight. With weight we often need to convert to smaller or larger weights. What is the formula to convert the following:
mcg to mg
mg to gm
gm to kg
mcg to mg = 1000mcg divide by 1000 = 1mg
mg to gm = 1000mg divide by 1000 =1g
gm to kg = 1000gm divide by 1000 = 1kg
Not all medication is prescribed using the same metric weight. With weight we often need to convert larger to smaller units. What is the formula to convert the following:
kg to g
g to mg
mg to mcg
kg to g = 1kg x 1000 = 1000g
g to mg = 1g x 1000 = 1000mg
mg to mcg = 1mg x 1000 = 1000mcg
When we convert volumes, it is the same process as weight. What is the formula for the below conversions:
1L to ml
1000ml to 1L
1L to ml = 1L x 1000 = 1000ml
1000ml to 1L = 1000ml divide by 1000 = 1L
Often we need to check the dose of a drug or solution that is based on the patient’s weight. What is the formula for this?
Prescribed dose x weight of patient = dose required
E.g
Prescribed dose - 25mg per kg
Patients weight - 66kg - What is the dose required?
25mg x 66kg = 1650mg or 1.65g
What is the formula to obtain the hour rate of fluid to be infused of a period of time?
Fluid to be infused divided by number of hours to be infused over.
E.g
1000ml divide by 12hours - 83.3ml/hr or round down 83mL/hr
What is the formula to calculate the drops per a min on a infusion?
There are five common types of pain. Once is Acute, what are the four others?
Acute pain
Chronic pain
Chemical - inflammatory.
Neuropathic pain
Noiceptive Pain
True or False.
Pain is unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage.
True
Is pain, subjective or objective?
Subjective, complex and completely individualised.
Are sensory pathways afferent or efferent pathways?
Afferent pathways. They carry sensory information from the site of orgin (skin, organs) to the spinal cord.
What are the 4 stages of the pain pathway
Transduction
Tranmission
Projection
Perception
