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EMBRYOLOGY > Ovulation To Implantation > Flashcards

Ovulation To Implantation Flashcards

1
Q

It controls the 💡sexual cycle among females.

A

HYPOTHALAMUS

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2
Q

A hormone produced by the 💡hypothalamus, acts on cells of the 💡anterior lobe (adenohypophysis) of the pituitary gland, which in turn 💡secrete gonadotropins.

A

Gonadotropin- releasing hormone (GnRH)

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3
Q

These are hormones secreted by the 💡anterior pituitary gland that 💡stimulate and 💡control cyclic changes in the ovary.

A 
Follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH)
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
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4
Q

At the beginning of each ovarian cycle,__ are stimulated to grow under the influence of FSH

A

15 to 20 primary-stage (preantral) follicles

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5
Q

Functions of FSH during the ovarian cycle includes:

A
  1. Protects the 15-20 preantral follicles from dying and becoming atretic.
  2. Stimulates maturation of follicular (granulosa) cells surrounding the oocyte
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6
Q

How many of the preantral follicles reaches maturity during the ovarian cycle:

A

ONE Preantral Follicle

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7
Q

What will happen to the preantral cells that did not reach full maturity?

A

They will degenerate and become atretic.

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8
Q

A 💡connective tissue that replaces the 💡degenerated oocyte and surrounding follicular cells when a follicle becomes atretic.

A

Corpus Atreticum

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9
Q

Mediates the 💡proliferation of follicular (granulosa) cells.

A

Growth Differentiation Factor 9

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10
Q

A cell that produces 💡androstenedione and testosterone

A

Theca Interna

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11
Q

A cell that 💡converts androstenedione and testosterone to estrone and 17 Beta-estradiol

A

GRANULOSA CELLS

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12
Q

Estrogen function during the ovarian cycle:

💡💡
Endometrium
Cervix
Anterior pituitary gland

A

■ The uterine endometrium enters the follicular or proliferative phase.
■ Thinning of the cervical mucus occurs to allow passage of sperm.
■ The anterior lobe of the pituitary gland is stimulated to secrete LH.

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13
Q

Effect of LH surge during the midcycle;

💡💡
Meiosis
Progesterone
Ovulation

A

■ Elevates concentrations of maturation- promoting factor, causing oocytes to complete meiosis I and initiate meiosis II
■ Stimulates production of progesterone by follicular stromal cells (luteinization)
■ Causes follicular rupture and ovulation

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14
Q

Under the influence of (1)__, the(2)__ grows rapidly to a diameter of 25 mm to become a (3)__.

A

(1) FSH and LH
(2) vesicular follicle
(3) mature vesicular (graafian) follicle

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15
Q

Abrupt increase in LH causes the primary oocyte to complete __ and the follicle to enter the preovulatory mature vesicular stage

A

meiosis I

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16
Q

Meiosis II is also initiated, but the oocyte is arrested in (1)__ approximately (2)__ before ovulation.

A

(1) metaphase

(2) 3 hours

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17
Q

The high concentration of LH increases __, resulting in digestión of collagen fibers surrounding the follicle.

A

collagenase activity

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18
Q

An arachidonic acid derivative that increases in response to the LH surge and cause 💡local muscular contractions in the ovarian wall which causes extrusion of oocyte.

A

Prostaglandin

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19
Q

This form when some of the 💡cumulus oophorus cells rearrange themselves around the zona pellucida

A

Corona Radiata

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20
Q

It is formed under the influence of LH .

It is formed when cells of theca interna and granulosa undergoes 💡hypertrophy and lipids accumulates becoming lutein cells (yellow pigment).

It secretes 💡progesterone until the end of 4th month.

A

Corpus Luteum

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21
Q

A hormone secreted by 💡corpus luteum that causes the uterine mucosa to enter the progestational or secretory stage in preparation for implantation of the embryo.

A

Progeterone

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22
Q

In humans, the fertilized oocyte reaches the uterine lumen in approximately __.

A

3 to 4 days

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23
Q

If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum reaches máximum development approximately __ after ovulation.

A

9 days

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24
Q

A process of lutein cell degeneration causing the corpus luteum to shrink.

A

Luteolysis

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25
Q

A slight pain some women feel during ovulation because it normally occurs near the middie of the menstrual cycle.

A

Mitteischmerz [Germán for “middie pain”)

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26
Q

A mass of fibrotic scar tissue that formed when corpus luteum degenerates.

A

Corpus Albicans

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27
Q

Happens when corpus luteum degenerate as well the decrease in progesterone production.

A

Menstrual Bleeding

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28
Q

A hormone that prevents the degeneration of the corpus luteum when the oocyte is fertilized.

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

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29
Q

A cell that secretes human chorionic gonadotropin

A

Syncytiotrophoblast (placenta)

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30
Q

It is form when corpus luteum continues to grow.

A

Corpus Luteum of Pregnancy (corpus luteum graviditatis)

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31
Q

Yellowish luteal cells continué to secrete progesterone until the end of the __

A

fourth month

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32
Q

Removal of the corpus luteum of pregnancy before the fourth month usually leads to __.

A

abortion

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33
Q

The process by which male and female gametes fuse.

A

FERTILIZATION

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34
Q

It is the site where fertilization occurs.

A

Ampullary región of the uterine tube

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35
Q

Only __ of sperm deposited in the vagina enter the cervix, where they may survive for many hours.

A

1%

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36
Q

The trip of sperm from cervix to oviduct can occur as rapidly as (1)__ or as slow as (2)__.

A

(1) 30 minutes

(2) 6 days

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37
Q

How long will b the usual trip of sperm from cervix to oviduct

A

2-7 hours

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39
Q

After reaching the __, sperm become less motile and cease their migration

A

Isthmus

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40
Q

Spermatozoa are not able to fertilize the oocyte immediately upon arrival in the female genital tract but must undergo:

A
  1. Capacitation

2. Acrosome reaction

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41
Q

It is a 💡period of conditioning in the uterine tube and involves epithelial interactions between the sperm and the mucosal surface of the tube that in the human lasts approximately 7 hours.

It is a process of removal of the glycoprotein coat and seminal plasma proteins from the plasma membrane that overlies the acrosomal region of the spermatozoa.

A

Capacitatíon

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42
Q

Only __ can pass through the corona cells and undergo the acrosome reaction.

A

Capacitated sperm

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43
Q

The release of 💡cortical granules enzyme will close the zona pelucida to prevent sperm binding and penetration.

A

Cortical and zona reaction

44
Q

It occurs after 💡binding to the zona pellucida and is 💡induced by zona proteins.

This reaction culminates in the release of enzymes needed to penetrate the zona pellucida, including 💡acrosin- and trypsin-like substances

A

Acrosome reaction

45
Q

It is a 💡glycoprotein shell surrounding the egg that 💡facilitates and maintains sperm binding and induces the acrosome reaction.

A

ZONA

46
Q

It is a 💡zona protein that mediates both 💡binding and the 💡acrosome reaction.

A

Ligand ZP3

47
Q

An 💡acrosomal enzyme that 💡allows sperm to penetrate the zona, thereby coming in contact with the plasma membrane of the oocyte.

A

ACROSIN

48
Q

Three Phases of Fertilization:

A

Phase 1, penetration of the corona radiata

Phase 2, penetration of the zona pellucida

Phase 3, fusión of the oocyte and sperm cell membranes (important phase)

49
Q

It 💡lines the plasma membrane of the oocyte that 💡releases lysosomal enzymes that 💡result in the contact of head of the sperm comes in contact with the oocyte surface.

A

Cortical granules

50
Q

__ of the zona pellucida changes when the head of the sperm comes in contact with the oocyte surface.

A

Permeability

52
Q

Penetration of 💡more than one spermatozoon into the oocyte.

A

Polyspermy

53
Q

One of the daughter cells, which 💡receives hardly any cytoplasm.

A

Second polar body

54
Q

In the human, both the (1)__ enter the cytoplasm of the oocyte, but the plasma membrane is left behind on the (2)__.

A

(1) head and the tail of the spermatozoon

(2) oocyte surface

55
Q

It is formed when the 💡spermatozoon nucleus becomes swollen as it moves forward until it 💡lies clóse to the female pronucleus.

A

Male pronucleus

56
Q

Three ways of egg response when the spermatozoon has entered the oocyte:

A
  1. Cortical and zona reactions.
  2. Resumption of the second meiotic división.
  3. Metabolic activation of the egg
57
Q

Vesicular nucleus where its chromosomes (22 plus X) arrange themselves

A

Female pronucleus

58
Q

Morphologically, the male and female pronuclei are __

A

Indistinguishable

59
Q

During growth of male and female pronuclei (both haploid), each pronucleus must __.

A

replícate its DNA

60
Q

Main results of the fertilization:

A
  1. Restoration of the diploid number of chromosomes
  2. Determinatíon of the sex of the new individual.
  3. Initiation of cleavage.
61
Q

It is a 💡16 cell compacted embryo that resembles 💡mulberry.

A

Morula Cell

62
Q

Inner cells of the mórula constitute the (1)__, and surrounding cells compose the(2)__.

A

(1) inner cell mass

(2) outer cell mass.

63
Q

It gives rise to tissues of the 💡embryo proper.

A

Inner Cell Mass

64
Q

It forms the 💡trophoblast, which later contributes to the placenta.

A

Outer Cell Mass

65
Q

-

A

Blastomeres

66
Q

A process where blastomeres maximize their contact with each other, forming a 💡compact ball of cells held together by tight junctions.

This process also 💡segregates inner cells, which communicate extensively by gap junctions, from outer cells.

A

Compaction

67
Q

The two-cell stage is reached approximately __ after fertilization

A

30 hours

68
Q

The four-cell stage is reached at approximately __

A

40 hours

69
Q

During the development of the zygote, blastomeres are surrounded by the (1)__, which disappears at the end of the (2)__.

A

(1) zona pellucida

(2) fourth day

70
Q

It is a 💡sac like structure that formed when the morula is filled with fluid.

A

Blastocele

71
Q

The 12- to 16-cell stage is reached at approximately __.

A

3 days

72
Q

It is the 💡cells of the inner cell mass from the blastocyst.

A

Embryoblast

73
Q

It is the 💡flatten cells of the outer cell mass that form the epithelial wall of the blastocyst.

A

Trophoblast

74
Q

The late mórula stage is reached at approximately __.

A

4 days

75
Q

They 💡mediate the uterine epithelium initial attachment of the blastocyst to the uterus.

A

L-selectin (trophoblast cells)

Carbohydrate receptors

76
Q

Embryoblast + Trophoblast

A

Blastocysts

77
Q

When the zona pellucida disappears this will begin.

A

Implantation of the blastocyst.

78
Q

The wall of the uterus consists of three layers:

A
  1. Endometrium or mucosa lining the inside wall
  2. Myometrium, a thick layer of smooth muscle
  3. Perimetrium, the peritoneal covering lining the outside wall
79
Q

These are carbohydrate-binding proteins involved in interactions between leukocytes and endothelial cells that allow leukocyte “capture” from flowing blood.

A

Selectins

80
Q

Integrin receptors for laminin promote (1)__, whereas those for fibronectin stimulate (2)__.

A

(1) attachment

(2) migration

81
Q

This menstrual cycle phase 💡begins at the end of the menstrual phase, is under the influence of 💡estrogen, and 💡parallels growth of the ovarían follicles.

Begins approximately 2-3 days after ovulation

A

Proliferative Phase

82
Q

This menstrual cycle phase begins approximately 2 to 3 days after ovulation in response to 💡progesterone produced by the corpus luteum.

A

Secretory Phase

83
Q

This marks the 💡beginning of the menstrual phase.

A

Shedding of the endometrium

84
Q

Later in gestation, the __ assumes the role of hormone production, and the corpus luteum degenerates.

Contains 💡trophoblastic cells that penetrate between the epithelial cells of the uterine mucosa (6th day)

A

Placenta

85
Q

From puberty (11 to 13 years) until menopause (45 to 50 years), the endometrium undergoes changes in a cycle of approximately __ under hormonal control by the ovarles.

A

28 days

86
Q

During this menstrual cycle, the uterine endometrium passes through three stages:

A
  1. Follicular or proliferative phase
  2. Secretory or progestational phase
  3. Menstrual phase
87
Q

💡Blood escapes from superficial arteries, and small pieces of stroma and glands break away.

A

MENSTRUAL PHASE

88
Q

The 💡only part of the endometrium that is 💡retained following 3 or 4 days of menstruation.

A

Basal Layer

89
Q

They are part of the endometrium that is 💡expelled from the uterus following 3 or 4 days of menstruation.

A

Compact Layer

Spongy Layer

90
Q

It is the own arteries of the basal layer that functions as the 💡regenerative layer in the rebuilding of glands and arteries in the proliferative phase

A

Basal Arteries

91
Q

Events during the first week of human development.

A
  1. Oocyte immediately after ovulation
  2. Fertilization, approximately 12 to 24 hours after ovulation
  3. Stage of the male and female pronuclei
  4. Spindle of the first mitotic división
  5. Two-cell stage (approximately 30 hours of age];
  6. Morula containing 12 to 16 blastomeres (approximately 3 days of age]
  7. Advanced mórula stage reaching the uterine lumen (approximately 4 days of age)
  8. Early blastocyst stage (approximately 4.5 days of age; the zona pellucida has disappeared]
  9. Early phase of implantation (blastocyst approximately 6 days of age).
92
Q

At the time of implantation, the mucosa of the uterus is in the __.

A

secretory phase

93
Q

Contraceptive Methods

A

Barrier Methods
Hormonal Methods
Intrauterine Device (IUD)
Sterilization

94
Q

Barrier Methods

A

Male and Female Condoms

95
Q

A type of IUD that releases 💡progestin that causes thickening of cervical mucus to prevent sperm from entering the uterus.

A

Hormonal IUD

96
Q

A type of IUD that releases 💡copper into the uterus that prevents fertilization or inhibits attachment of the fertilized egg to the uterine wall.

A

Copper IUD

97
Q

These contraceptive pills are used as birth control measures that may prevent pregnancy if taken 💡120 hours after sexual intercourse.

A

Emergency contraceptive pills (ECPs)

98
Q

A sterilization method for men which 💡prevents the release of sperm by 💡blocking the ductus deferens, the tube that transports sperm from the testes to the penis.

A

Vasectomy

99
Q

The sterilization method for women which the 💡uterine tubes are blocked or ligated.

A

Tubal sterilization

100
Q

A drug given early in the menstrual cycle that is used to 💡increase FSH concentrations to stimulate ovulation.

A

Clomiphene citrate (Clomid)

101
Q

These pluripotent cells are 💡derived from the inner cell mass of the embryo.

A

Embryonic stem cells (ES cells)

102
Q

A process of 💡obtaining embryonic cell from embryos after IVF

A

Reproductive Cloning

103
Q

It is a technique that 💡take nuclei from adult cells (e.g., skin) and introduce them into enucleated oocytes. Oocytes are stimulated to differentiate into blastocysts, and ES cells are harvested.

A

Therapeutic cloning or Somatic Nuclear Transfer.

104
Q

Hormonal Methods

A

Birth Control Pills
Skin Patch
Vaginal Ring
Injection

105
Q

2 types of Birth Control Pills:

A
  1. Combination of estrogen and progestin

2. Progestin alone

EMBRYOLOGY (7 decks)

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