Ovid Vocab 1 Flashcards
primus
first
amor
love
Phoebi
Apollo (a god, a bit full of himself)
Daphne
Daphne (the daughter of King Peneus (a river))
Peneia
belonging to/of Peneus
quem
“who” or “whom.”
“quem” is the accusative singular form of the relative pronoun “qui, quae, quod”, which means “who” or “whom.” It is used when referring to a masculine singular noun and serves as the object of the verb in a relative clause.
Examples:
* Vir quem vidisti – “The man whom you saw.”
* Amicus quem amo – “The friend whom I love.”
“Quem” is also sometimes used as an interrogative pronoun, meaning “whom” in direct or indirect questions:
* Quem amas? – “Whom do you love?”
non
‘not’
fors
chance, luck
ignara
‘blind, not knowing, ignorant’
dedit
“he gave”
“dedit” is the third person singular perfect active indicative form of the verb “do, dare, dedi, datum,” which means “to give.” “Dedit” translates to “he gave,” “she gave,” or “it gave,” indicating a completed action in the past.
Example sentences:
* Rex dona populo dedit – “The king gave gifts to the people.”
* Mater puero librum dedit – “The mother gave the book to the boy.”
sed
‘but’
saeva
‘cruel, savage’
Cupidinis
“of desire”
“cupidinis” is the genitive singular form of the noun “cupidō, cupidinis”, which means “desire,” “longing,” or “passion.” The genitive form “cupidinis” translates to “of desire” or “of passion.”
Example in a sentence:
* Ars cupidinis magna est – “The art of desire is great.”
* Flamma cupidinis – “The flame of passion.”
The word “cupido” is also associated with Cupid, the Roman god of love, so “cupidinis” could sometimes imply “of Cupid” when used in a mythological context.
ira
‘anger, wrath’
Delius
‘of/from (the Island) Delos’: epithet of Apollo
hunc
‘hither, up to this point’,
“hunc” is the accusative singular masculine form of the demonstrative pronoun “hic, haec, hoc,” which means “this.” “Hunc” is used when referring to a masculine noun as the direct object of a verb, meaning “this” or “this one.”
Example sentences:
* Hunc librum lego – “I am reading this book.”
* Amicum hunc video – “I see this friend.”
“Hunc” emphasizes proximity, indicating that the noun it refers to is close to the speaker.
nuper
‘recently’
victa
‘defeated’
“victa” is the nominative singular feminine or the nominative/accusative plural neuter form of the participle from the verb “vinco, vincere, vici, victum,” meaning “to conquer” or “to defeat.” “Victa” translates as “conquered,” “defeated,” or “overcome.”
Examples:
* Femina victa est – “The woman is defeated.”
* Omnia victa sunt – “All things are conquered.”
As a participle, “victa” can function as an adjective describing a feminine or neuter noun that has been conquered or overcome.
serpente
snake, serpent
superbus
‘proud, haughty’
viderat
‘He had seen’
“viderat” is the third person singular pluperfect active indicative form of the verb “video, videre, vidi, visum,” meaning “to see.” “Viderat” translates to “he had seen,” “she had seen,” or “it had seen,” indicating an action completed prior to another past action.
Example sentences:
* Puella animal viderat – “The girl had seen the animal.”
* Vir urbem viderat – “The man had seen the city.”
The pluperfect tense is used to describe an action that occurred further in the past than another past action.
adducto
‘lead toward, draw back, bend’,
“adducto” is the ablative singular masculine or neuter form of the participle from the verb “adduco, adducere, adduxi, adductum,” which means “to lead,” “to bring,” or “to draw.” As a participle, “adducto” can mean “having been brought,” “having been led,” or “having been drawn.”
In context, it is often used in phrases to describe a state or condition resulting from being drawn together, tightened, or influenced.
Example in a sentence:
• Adducto corde, timorem superavit – “With a resolved (or strengthened) heart, he overcame his fear.”
• Adducto exercitu, urbem cepit – “Having brought the army, he captured the city.”
“Adducto” is typically used as an ablative of means, manner, or accompaniment to give context to the main action.
flectentem
Acc Sg Pres Act Ptc of flecto, flectere, flexi, flexum ‘bend’
cornua
Horn, or bow.
“cornua” is the nominative or accusative plural form of the noun “cornu, cornus,” which means “horn” or can also refer to things shaped like horns, such as a “bow” or “wing” (in a military context). “Cornua” is a neuter noun of the fourth declension.
Examples:
* Cornua cervi magna sunt – “The antlers of the deer are large.”
* Milites ad cornua se contulerunt – “The soldiers moved to the wings (flanks).”
In a poetic or figurative sense, “cornua” can refer to projections or extremities, often used to describe parts of objects or formations that resemble horns.
nervo
nerve, sinew; bowstring
“nervo” is the ablative or dative singular form of the noun “nervus, nervi,” which means “sinew,” “nerve,” or “string” (often referring to the string of a bow or a musical instrument).
Examples in sentences:
* Arcum nervo tetendit – “He stretched the bow with the string.”
* Fortis est nervo corporis – “He is strong by the sinew of the body.”
The ablative form “nervo” can be used to indicate the means or instrument by which something is done (e.g., with/by a sinew or string), while the dative form would indicate the indirect object (e.g., for the sinew or nerve).
quid
‘who? what?’
que
‘and’
tibi
You
“tibi” is the dative singular form of the pronoun “tu”, which means “you.” It is used to indicate that something is given, said, or done to you or for you. For example:
* Gratias tibi ago – “I give thanks to you.”
* Hic liber est tibi – “This book is for you.”
lascive
‘playful, naughty’
“Lascive” is the vocative singular form of “lascivus,” which means “playful,” “mischievous,” or “lustful” in Latin. The vocative case is often used when directly addressing someone or something with this characteristic.
puer
boy
cum
‘with’; (conjunction) ‘when, because, although’
fortibus
“Fortibus” is the dative or ablative plural form of “fortis,” meaning “strong” or “brave.”
armis
to the weapons
with the weapons
armis is the ablative or dative plural form of the noun arma, which means “arms” or “weapons.” Its specific meaning depends on the context:
* Ablative plural: Indicates the means or instrument (e.g., “with weapons” or “by arms”).
* Dative plural: Indicates the indirect object (e.g., “to the weapons” or “for the arms”).
Example Sentences:
* Ablative plural: Pax armis non potest obtineri. (Peace cannot be obtained by arms.) * Dative plural: Legatus armis bellum obtulit. (The envoy offered war to the weapons.)
dixerat
He said.
dixerat is the third person singular pluperfect indicative active form of the verb dīcō, meaning “he/she/it had said” or “he/she/it had spoken.”
Example in a Sentence:
* Rex verba magna dixerat. (The king had spoken great words.)
ista
‘That, those’
ista is a demonstrative pronoun or adjective that can have different meanings depending on its use and context. It generally refers to something associated with the person being addressed, often with a tone of disdain or contempt, especially in Classical Latin.
Forms and Uses:
1. As a pronoun: • Feminine singular nominative: ista = “that (woman or thing of yours)” Example: Ista mihi non placet. (That woman/thing of yours does not please me.) • Neuter plural nominative/accusative: ista = “those (things of yours)” Example: Ista sunt inutilia. (Those things of yours are useless.) 2. As an adjective: • Feminine singular nominative: ista puella = “that girl of yours” • Neuter plural nominative/accusative: ista verba = “those words of yours” Example: Ista verba falsa sunt. (Those words of yours are false.)
Subtle Connotation:
In some contexts, ista carries a tone of disdain or disapproval, especially when contrasted with illa (neutral or distant “that”) or haec (positive or near “this”). This nuance appears particularly in speeches or arguments, as seen in Cicero’s writings.
decent
“they are fitting” or “they are proper.”
decent is the third person plural present indicative active form of the verb decet, meaning “they are fitting” or “they are proper.” The verb decet is impersonal in singular forms but can take a plural subject in this form.
Example Sentence:
• Haec verba decent philosophum. (These words are fitting for a philosopher.)
umeros
shoulders
umeros is the accusative plural form of the noun umerus, which means “shoulder.” It is used when referring to the shoulders as the direct object of a verb.
Example Sentence:
* Gladiator gladium super umeros portabat. (The gladiator was carrying the sword over his shoulders.)
Let me know if you’d like more examples or practice!
gestamina
‘something worn or carried’; here: ‘an ornament, weapon’
gestamina is the nominative or accusative plural form of the neuter noun gestamen, which means “that which is carried” or “a burden, load, or equipment.” It often refers to something borne or worn, such as weapons, armor, or even adornments.
Example Sentences:
1. Nominative plural: • Gestamina militum gravia sunt. (The burdens of the soldiers are heavy.) 2. Accusative plural: • Deus gestamina sua deposuit. (The god laid down his burdens.)
nostros
‘our / ours’
nostros is the accusative masculine plural form of the possessive adjective noster, meaning “our” or “ours.” It is used to modify masculine plural nouns when they are the direct object of a verb.
Example Sentence:
• Defendimus nostros amicos. (We defended our friends.)
qui
‘who, which, that’
dare
To give.
dare is the present active infinitive form of the verb dō, meaning “to give.” This verb is fundamental in Latin, frequently appearing in various texts and expressions.
Principal Parts of dō:
1. dō – First person singular present indicative active (“I give”) 2. dare – Present active infinitive (“to give”) 3. dedī – First person singular perfect indicative active (“I gave” or “I have given”) 4. datum – Supine, used to form the perfect passive participle (“given”)
Conjugation of dō in the Present Indicative Active:
* First Person Singular: dō – I give * Second Person Singular: dās – You give * Third Person Singular: dat – He/She/It gives * First Person Plural: damus – We give * Second Person Plural: datis – You (all) give * Third Person Plural: dant – They give
Usage Examples:
* Magister librum discipulō dat. (The teacher gives the book to the student.) * Amīcīs auxilium dare debēmus. (We ought to give help to our friends.)
The verb dō is irregular in its conjugation, particularly in the formation of its perfect tense (dedī) and supine (datum). Despite its irregularities, it follows the first conjugation pattern in the present system. 
Understanding the conjugation and usage of dō is essential for reading and composing Latin, as it appears in numerous idiomatic expressions and constructions.
certa
‘safe, certain’
certa is the feminine singular form of the adjective certus, which means “certain,” “sure,” or “fixed.” It is used to describe a feminine singular noun that is definite or determined.
Example Sentence:
• Via certa est.
(The way is certain.)
Additionally, certa can function as a verb form:
• Second-person singular present active imperative of certō, meaning “you compete” or “you fight.”
• Certa pro honore tuo!
(Compete for your honor!) 
Understanding the context is crucial, as certa can serve as both an adjective and a verb form in Latin.
ferae
wild animal, beast
In Latin, ferae is the nominative plural form of the noun fera, meaning “wild animals” or “wild beasts.” It is used to refer to multiple wild creatures.
Example Sentence:
• Ferae in silvis habitant.
(Wild animals live in the forests.)
Additionally, Ferae is a term used in zoological classification. It refers to a clade of mammals that includes carnivorans (such as dogs, cats, and bears) and pholidotes (pangolins). This grouping is based on certain shared anatomical features and genetic relationships.
Understanding the context is essential, as ferae can denote wild animals in general or refer to a specific taxonomic group in scientific literature.
vulnera
wounds
In Latin, vulnera is the nominative or accusative plural form of the neuter noun vulnus, meaning “wounds” or “injuries.” It is used to refer to multiple wounds or injuries in various contexts.
Example Sentences:
• Milites vulnera in proelio acceperunt.
(The soldiers received wounds in battle.)
• Medicus vulnera aegroti curavit.
(The doctor treated the patient’s wounds.)
Additionally, vulnera can function as a verb form:
• Third-person singular present active indicative of vulnerō, meaning “he/she/it wounds” or “he/she/it injures.”
• Gladius hostem vulnera.
(The sword wounds the enemy.)
Understanding the context is crucial, as vulnera can serve as both a noun and a verb form in Latin.
possumus
We are able to / we can
In Latin, possumus is the first-person plural present active indicative form of the verb possum, meaning “we are able” or “we can.” This verb is irregular and is derived from the combination of potis (able) and sum (I am). 
Conjugation of possum in the Present Indicative:
• First Person Singular: possum – I am able
• Second Person Singular: potes – You are able
• Third Person Singular: potest – He/She/It is able
• First Person Plural: possumus – We are able
• Second Person Plural: potestis – You (all) are able
• Third Person Plural: possunt – They are able
Example Sentence:
• Librum legere possumus.
(We are able to read the book.)
Understanding the conjugation and usage of possum is essential for expressing ability or possibility in Latin.
hosti
stranger, enemy
In Latin, hosti is the dative singular form of the noun hostis, which means “enemy.” The dative case is used to indicate the indirect object of a verb, often translated as “to” or “for” the enemy.
Example Sentence:
• Dux pacem hosti obtulit.
(The leader offered peace to the enemy.)
In this sentence, hosti functions as the indirect object, receiving the action of the verb obtulit (“offered”).
Understanding Latin noun declensions is crucial for proper translation and comprehension. The noun hostis belongs to the third declension, and its forms are as follows:
Case
Singular Plural
Nominative hostis hostēs
Genitive hostis hostium
Dative hostī hostibus
Accusative hostem hostēs
Ablative hoste hostibus
modo
‘only, just (now), recently’
In Latin, modo is an adverb with several meanings, depending on the context:
1. Just now or recently:
• Latrōcinium modo factum est.
(A robbery has just now taken place.)
2. Only or merely:
• Unum modo peto.
(I ask only one thing.)
3. Presently or now:
• Modo venio.
(I am coming now.)
4. At one time… at another (when used in pairs):
• Modo his, modo illis ex partibus.
(Now on one side, now on the other.)
Additionally, modo can function as a conjunction meaning “if only” or “provided that”:
• Manent ingenia senibus, modo permaneat industria.
(The talents remain in old men, provided that the diligence remains.)
Understanding the context is crucial, as modo can convey different nuances based on its usage.
pestifero
‘disease-carrying, deadly’
In Latin, pestiferō is the dative or ablative singular form of the adjective pestifer, which means “pestilential,” “destructive,” or “deadly.” This adjective is used to describe something that brings plague or destruction. 
Usage in Sentences:
• Dative Singular: Indicates the indirect object or the recipient of an action.
• Donum pestiferō datur.
(The gift is given to the deadly one.)
• Ablative Singular: Used to express means, manner, or cause.
• Morbus pestiferō aëre diffunditur.
(The disease spreads through the pestilential air.)
tot
‘so many’
tot means “so many” or “as many.” It is an indeclinable word often used in comparisons or to emphasize quantity.
For example:
• Tot sunt discipuli ut aula plena sit.
(“There are so many students that the hall is full.”)
• Tot flores vidi in horto tuo!
(“I saw so many flowers in your garden!”)
iugera
acre (a measure of land)
The Latin word iugera (plural of iugerum) refers to a measure of land, approximately equivalent to 0.25 hectares or 0.62 acres. It was a Roman unit used for agricultural purposes, derived from the term iugum (yoke), indicating the amount of land that a team of oxen could plow in a day.
Declension of iugerum (a neuter noun in the second declension, with irregular plural forms):
Singular:
• Nominative: iugerum • Genitive: iugerī • Dative: iugerō • Accusative: iugerum • Ablative: iugerō • Vocative: iugerum
Plural:
• Nominative: iugera • Genitive: iugerum (irregular!) • Dative: iugeribus • Accusative: iugera • Ablative: iugeribus • Vocative: iugera
Example sentences:
• Agri magnitudo erat decem iugera. (“The size of the field was ten iugera.”) • Romani saepe terras metiebantur in iugeris. (“The Romans often measured land in iugera.”)
ventre
belly, stomach
The word ventre in Latin is the ablative or dative singular form of venter, which means “belly,” “stomach,” or “womb.” It is a masculine noun of the third declension.
Declension of venter (third declension, masculine):
Singular:
• Nominative: venter • Genitive: ventris • Dative: ventrī • Accusative: ventrem • Ablative: ventre • Vocative: venter
Plural:
• Nominative: ventrēs • Genitive: ventrum • Dative: ventribus • Accusative: ventrēs • Ablative: ventribus • Vocative: ventrēs
Example sentences:
• Gladiator vulnus in ventre accepit. (“The gladiator received a wound in his belly.”) • Ex ventre matris natus est. (“He was born from his mother’s womb.”)
prementem
‘to press down, burden, afflict’
Acc Sg Pres Act Ptc of premo, premere, pressi, pressum
stravimus
“We spread,” “we strewed,” “we laid low,” or “we overthrew”, “we killed” (depending on the context).
‘to strew; lay low, kill’
The Latin word stravimus is the first-person plural perfect active indicative form of the verb sternō, sternere, strāvī, strātum, which means “to spread,” “to strew,” “to lay low,” or “to overthrow.”
Translation:
• Stravimus = “We spread,” “we strewed,” “we laid low,” or “we overthrew” (depending on the context).
Example sentences:
• Hostes in proelio stravimus! (“We laid the enemies low in battle!”) • Flores per aram stravimus. (“We spread flowers across the altar.”)
Would you like to practice conjugating sternō in other tenses or explore its use further?
innumeris
‘countless’
The Latin word for innumerable is innumerābilis, an adjective of the third declension. It means “countless” or “beyond number.”
Declension of innumerābilis (third declension, masculine/feminine and neuter):
Singular:
• Masculine/Feminine: • Nominative: innumerābilis • Genitive: innumerābilis • Dative: innumerābilī • Accusative: innumerābilem • Ablative: innumerābilī • Vocative: innumerābilis • Neuter: • Nominative: innumerābile • Genitive: innumerābilis • Dative: innumerābilī • Accusative: innumerābile • Ablative: innumerābilī • Vocative: innumerābile
Plural:
• Masculine/Feminine: • Nominative: innumerābilēs • Genitive: innumerābilium • Dative: innumerābilibus • Accusative: innumerābilēs • Ablative: innumerābilibus • Vocative: innumerābilēs • Neuter: • Nominative: innumerābilia • Genitive: innumerābilium • Dative: innumerābilibus • Accusative: innumerābilia • Ablative: innumerābilibus • Vocative: innumerābilia
Example sentences:
• Innumerābiles stellās in caelo videmus. (“We see innumerable stars in the sky.”) • Innumerābilia pericula in itinere sustinuit. (“He endured innumerable dangers on the journey.”)
tumidum
‘swollen’
The Latin word tumidum is the accusative singular masculine or nominative/accusative singular neuter form of the adjective tumidus, which means “swollen,” “puffed up,” or metaphorically “arrogant” or “proud.”
Declension of tumidus (a first/second declension adjective):
Singular:
• Masculine: • Nominative: tumidus • Genitive: tumidī • Dative: tumidō • Accusative: tumidum • Ablative: tumidō • Vocative: tumide • Feminine: • Nominative: tumida • Genitive: tumidae • Dative: tumidae • Accusative: tumidam • Ablative: tumidā • Vocative: tumida • Neuter: • Nominative: tumidum • Genitive: tumidī • Dative: tumidō • Accusative: tumidum • Ablative: tumidō • Vocative: tumidum
Plural:
• Masculine: • Nominative: tumidī • Genitive: tumidōrum • Dative: tumidīs • Accusative: tumidōs • Ablative: tumidīs • Vocative: tumidī • Feminine: • Nominative: tumidae • Genitive: tumidārum • Dative: tumidīs • Accusative: tumidās • Ablative: tumidīs • Vocative: tumidae • Neuter: • Nominative: tumida • Genitive: tumidōrum • Dative: tumidīs • Accusative: tumida • Ablative: tumidīs • Vocative: tumida
Example sentences:
• Corpus eius tumidum erat post vulnera accepta. (“His body was swollen after the wounds received.”) • Tumidum flumen ripas excessit. (“The swollen river overflowed its banks.”) • Orationem eius tumidam audivimus. (“We heard his pompous speech.”)
Pythona
Greek Acc Pythona: the Python (the mythical serpent that Apollo slew)
sagittis
with/by/from the arrows
to/for the arrows
The Latin word sagittis is the dative or ablative plural form of sagitta, which means “arrow.” Sagitta is a first-declension feminine noun.
Declension of sagitta (first declension):
Singular:
* Nominative: sagitta * Genitive: sagittae * Dative: sagittae * Accusative: sagittam * Ablative: sagittā * Vocative: sagitta
Plural:
* Nominative: sagittae * Genitive: sagittārum * Dative: sagittīs * Accusative: sagittās * Ablative: sagittīs * Vocative: sagittae
Usage of sagittis (dative/ablative plural):
Dative:
Used to indicate “to” or “for” the arrows.
* Donum sagittis dedi.
(“I gave a gift to the arrows.”)
Ablative:
Used to indicate “by,” “with,” or “from” the arrows.
* Hostes sagittis vulnerati sunt.
(“The enemies were wounded by the arrows.”)
* Pugnavit cum sagittis et gladio.
(“He fought with arrows and a sword.”)
tu
‘you’
The Latin word tu is the second-person singular pronoun, meaning “you” (used when addressing one person informally).
Declension of tu:
Singular:
• Nominative: tu (you, as the subject) • Genitive: tuī (of you, rarely used for possession; more often expresses objective genitive, e.g., “the love of you”) • Dative: tibi (to/for you) • Accusative: tē (you, as the direct object) • Ablative: tē (by/with/from you) • Vocative: tu (same as nominative, used in direct address)
Example sentences:
• Tu es discipulus bonus. (“You are a good student.”) • Amor tuī est magnus. (“The love of you is great.”) • Epistulam tibi scribo. (“I write a letter to you.”) • Te video in foro. (“I see you in the forum.”) • Cum te loquor de amicitia. (“I speak with you about friendship.”)
face
with/by a torch
from Fax, facis (f)
Abl sg
Example:
Iter face illustratum est. – “The journey was illuminated by a torch.”
nescio quos
‘I don’t know who/which/what; some… or other’
esto
‘Be!’
‘You shall be”
In Latin, “esto” serves as the second-person singular future active imperative of the verb “sum” (“to be”), translating to “you shall be” or “be” in English. This form is used to issue commands or instructions that are intended to take effect in the future.
Example Usage:
• Salus populi suprema lex esto.
(“Let the welfare of the people be the supreme law.”)
These imperative forms are employed to give commands or express intentions regarding future actions.
contentus
‘content, happy’
The Latin word contentus has two primary meanings depending on its context:
- Satisfied, Content, Pleased
As an adjective, contentus means “content,” “satisfied,” or “pleased.” It is commonly used with the ablative case to indicate what one is satisfied with.
Example Sentences:
• Contentus sum meā fortūnā. (“I am content with my fortune.”) • Discipulus parvīs studiīs contentus non erat. (“The student was not satisfied with small efforts.”)
- Contained, Held Together
As the perfect passive participle of contineō, continēre, continuī, contentum (“to hold together, contain”), contentus can mean “contained,” “held together,” or “restrained.”
Example Sentences:
• Flumen muris contentum est. (“The river is contained by walls.”) • Lacrimae vix contentae erant. (“The tears were barely restrained.”)
Declension of contentus (First/Second Declension Adjective):
Masculine:
• Nominative: contentus • Genitive: contentī • Dative: contentō • Accusative: contentum • Ablative: contentō • Vocative: contente
Feminine:
• Nominative: contenta • Genitive: contentae • Dative: contentae • Accusative: contentam • Ablative: contentā • Vocative: contenta
Neuter:
• Nominative: contentum • Genitive: contentī • Dative: contentō • Accusative: contentum • Ablative: contentō • Vocative: contentum
amores
Loves
The Latin word amores is the nominative plural or accusative plural form of the noun amor, meaning “love” or “loves.” It is a third-declension masculine noun. Depending on the context, it can refer to romantic love, deep affection, or even personified Love (as in Cupid or Eros).
Declension of amor (third declension, masculine):
Singular:
* Nominative: amor (love) * Genitive: amoris (of love) * Dative: amorī (to/for love) * Accusative: amorem (love, direct object) * Ablative: amore (by/with/from love) * Vocative: amor (O love!)
Plural:
* Nominative: amores (loves) * Genitive: amorum (of loves) * Dative: amoribus (to/for loves) * Accusative: amores (loves, direct object) * Ablative: amoribus (by/with/from loves) * Vocative: amores (O loves!)
Example Sentence with amores:
* Amores iuvenum saepe leves sunt. (“The loves of young people are often fleeting.”)
irritare
‘provoke, irritate’
The Latin verb irritāre means “to provoke,” “to excite,” “to stir up,” or “to irritate.” It is a first-conjugation verb that conveys a sense of rousing or inciting emotions, often anger or frustration, but it can also mean stimulating or encouraging something.
Conjugation of irritāre (First Conjugation):
Present Indicative Active:
• Singular: • 1st person: irritō (I provoke) • 2nd person: irritās (you provoke) • 3rd person: irritat (he/she/it provokes) • Plural: • 1st person: irritāmus (we provoke) • 2nd person: irritātis (you [all] provoke) • 3rd person: irritant (they provoke)
Present Infinitive:
• irritāre (to provoke)
Perfect Active:
• irritāvī (I have provoked)
Perfect Passive Participle:
• irritātus, -a, -um (having been provoked)
Example Sentences:
• Hostes clamore irritāmus. (“We provoke the enemies with shouting.”) • Non debes amicum tuum irritāre. (“You should not irritate your friend.”) • Ventus fluctūs maris irritat. (“The wind stirs up the waves of the sea.”)
tua
‘your’
nec
‘and not, nor’
laudes
the praises or the commendations
The Latin word laudes is the nominative plural or accusative plural form of the noun laus, which means “praise,” “glory,” or “fame.” It is a third-declension feminine noun. Laudes refers to “praises” or “commendations” in the plural.
Declension of laus (Third Declension, Feminine):
Singular:
* Nominative: laus (praise) * Genitive: laudis (of praise) * Dative: laudī (to/for praise) * Accusative: laudem (praise, direct object) * Ablative: laude (by/with/from praise) * Vocative: laus (O praise!)
Plural:
* Nominative: laudes (praises) * Genitive: laudum (of praises) * Dative: laudibus (to/for praises) * Accusative: laudes (praises, direct object) * Ablative: laudibus (by/with/from praises) * Vocative: laudes (O praises!)
Example Sentences with laudes:
* Laudes Caesaris in foro audivimus. (“We heard the praises of Caesar in the forum.”) * Magistra discipulis laudes dedit. (“The teacher gave praises to the students.”) * Laudes virtutis semper canuntur. (“The praises of virtue are always sung.”)
adsere
‘claim as one’s own, lay claim to’ (nec adsere: negated imperative!)
The Latin word adsere is the second-person singular present active imperative form of the verb adsere, derived from adserō, adserere, adsēruī, adsertum. It can have different meanings depending on the context:
1. To lay claim to, assert, or defend:
• Often used in the sense of claiming ownership or protecting someone’s rights.
• Example: Adsere libertatem tuam!
(“Assert your freedom!”)
2. To plant near or to attach:
• Sometimes used literally in agricultural or metaphorical contexts.
• Example: Adsere arborem prope villam.
(“Plant the tree near the villa.”)
Related Forms:
• Present Infinitive: adserere (to assert, to lay claim) • Perfect Active: adsēruī (I have asserted, I have claimed) • Perfect Passive Participle: adsertum (having been asserted/claimed)
nostras
‘our’
filius
son
huic
‘To/for this’
Veneris
love; of the goddess Venus
‘Of Venus’
The Latin word veneris can have different meanings depending on the context:
- Genitive Singular of “Venus” (The Goddess Venus)• Veneris is the genitive singular form of Venus, meaning “of Venus” (the Roman goddess of love and beauty).
• Example:
• Templum Veneris in urbe stat.
(“The temple of Venus stands in the city.”) - Second-Person Singular Future Perfect or Subjunctive of “Veniō”• Veneris is also the second-person singular future perfect active or perfect subjunctive form of veniō, venīre, vēnī, ventum (“to come”).
• Future Perfect: “You will have come.”
• Perfect Subjunctive: “You may have come” or “You should come.”
• Example (Future Perfect):
• Cum veneris, omnia parata erunt.
(“When you will have come, everything will be ready.”)
• Example (Perfect Subjunctive):
• Ne veniat nisi veneris.
(“Let him not come unless you have come.”)
figat
‘May he pierce/fix’
The Latin word figat is the third-person singular present active subjunctive form of the verb figō, figere, fīxī, fīxum, which means “to fix,” “to fasten,” “to attach,” or “to pierce.”
Possible Meanings of figat:
1. May he/she/it fasten * Example: Figat clavos in muro. (“May he fasten the nails into the wall.”) 2. May he/she/it pierce * Example: Sagitta cor hostis figat. (“May the arrow pierce the enemy’s heart.”) 3. Let him/her/it attach * Example: Figat signum in loco. (“Let him attach the sign in the place.”)
Conjugation of figō (Third Conjugation):
Present Active Subjunctive:
* Singular: * 1st person: figam (may I fix) * 2nd person: figas (may you fix) * 3rd person: figat (may he/she/it fix) * Plural: * 1st person: figamus (may we fix) * 2nd person: figatis (may you all fix) * 3rd person: figant (may they fix)
tuus
‘your’
The Latin word tuus is a possessive adjective meaning “your” or “yours” (singular), used when addressing one person. It agrees in gender, number, and case with the noun it modifies.
Example Sentences:
• Liber tuus in mensa est. (“Your book is on the table.”) • Tuā sapientiā confidimus. (“We trust in your wisdom.”) • Amicus tuus venit heri. (“Your friend came yesterday.”) • Ubi sunt tua dona? (“Where are your gifts?”)
omnia
‘all, every, each’
Nom Pl Acc of omnis, omnis.
Phoebe
Apollo
te
‘you’
Acc/Abl of tu, tuí
meus
‘my, mine’
arcus
bow (for shooting arrows) m.
Arcus, arcūs
ait
‘he/she/it says’
The Latin word ait is a third-person singular form of the verb aiō, which means “he/she/it says” or “he/she/it affirms.” This verb is defective, meaning it is only conjugated in certain forms, primarily in the present and imperfect tenses. It is often used in literature to report speech, particularly in historical or poetic contexts.
Conjugation of aiō (Defective Verb):
Present Tense:
• 1st person singular: aiō (I say) • 2nd person singular: ais (you say) • 3rd person singular: ait (he/she/it says) • 3rd person plural: aiunt (they say)
Imperfect Tense:
• 1st person singular: aiēbam (I was saying) • 2nd person singular: aiēbās (you were saying) • 3rd person singular: aiēbat (he/she/it was saying) • 3rd person plural: aiēbant (they were saying)
Example Sentences with ait:
1. “Hoc verum esse ait.” (“He says that this is true.”) 2. Ait se venturum esse. (“He says he will come.”) 3. Filosophiam summam sapientiam esse ait. (“He says that philosophy is the highest wisdom.”)
quanto-que
‘how much’
‘And how much’
‘And by how much’
animalia
animals Nom/Acc PL of animal, animalis.
cedunt
‘They cede, they give way to’
The Latin word cedunt is the third-person plural present active indicative form of the verb cedō, cedere, cessī, cessum, which means “to yield,” “to go,” “to withdraw,” or “to give way.”
Conjugation of cedō (Third Conjugation):
Present Active Indicative:
• Singular: • 1st person: cēdō (I yield) • 2nd person: cēdis (you yield) • 3rd person: cedunt (they yield) • Plural: • 1st person: cēdimus (we yield) • 2nd person: cēditis (you [all] yield) • 3rd person: cedunt (they yield)
Meaning of cedunt:
• They yield, they give way, or they withdraw.
Example Sentences:
• Hostes cēdunt coram exercitū Romanō. (“The enemies yield before the Roman army.”) • Difficultates cēdunt virtūtī. (“The difficulties yield to virtue.”) • Tempora cēdunt et homines mutantur. (“Times yield, and men change.”)
cuncta
‘all (things), entire, everything’ Nom/Acc Pl of cunctus, cuncta, cunctum.
deo
To/for the god
Dat Sg m. Of deus, deī.
tanto
‘so much’
In Latin, the word tanto is the ablative singular form of the adjective tantus, meaning “so great” or “such a great.” It can be translated as “so much,” “so great,” “such,” or “to such an extent,” depending on the context.
For example:
Tanto amore – “With such love” or “So much love”
Tanto tempore – “For such a long time” or “For so long”
minor
‘less, lesser, smaller’
est
‘is’
3rd P Sg of esse
gloria
glory, fame
Nom Sg of gloria, gloriae.
nostra
‘our’
dixit
‘he,she said’
et
‘and’
eliso
‘I have struck out, I have driven out, I have shattered’
In Latin, eliso is the first-person singular perfect form of the verb elidere, which means “to strike out,” “to drive out,” “to force out,” or “to shatter.” The form eliso specifically translates to “I have struck out,” “I have driven out,” or “I have shattered.”
Examples:
Eliso hoste – “I have struck out the enemy” or “I have defeated the enemy.”
Eliso obstaculo – “I have removed the obstacle.”
Elidere itself is a compound verb formed from e- (meaning “out” or “away”) and laedere (meaning “to strike” or “to harm”). The verb often conveys a sense of forceful removal or destruction.
percussis
‘you have struck, you have beat’; percussis… pennis ‘by the beating of wings’
2nd P sg Perf
aere
by/with/in the air
Abl of aer (m.), aeris
pennis
to/for/with the feathers
Dat/Abl Pl of penna, pennae (f.)
impiger
‘not slow, energetic, brisk’
Nom/Voc of Impiger, impigrī (m.)
umbrosa
‘shaded’
Parnasi
of Parnassus (a mountain in Greece)
constitit
he/she/it made a stand
he/she/it stood still
he/she/it was established
he/she/it consisted
constitit is the third-person singular perfect indicative active form of the verb consto, constare, meaning “to stand firm,” “to stop,” “to consist,” or “to be established,” depending on the context.
arce
by/with/from the citadel
citadel, height, peak
two meanings, depending on its origin:
- From “arx, arcis” (feminine, third declension)
Arce is the ablative singular form of arx, meaning “citadel,” “fortress,” or “stronghold.”
Arce translates to “by/with/from the citadel” or “in the citadel.”
Example:
Hostes arce defendit. – “He defends the enemies from the citadel.” - From the verb “arceo, arcere” (second conjugation)
Arce can be the imperative singular of arceo, meaning “to keep away” or “to ward off.”
Example:
Arce mala! – “Ward off evils!”
e-que
‘and out of, and from’
sagittifera
‘arrow-bearing’
Nom Sg 1st/2nd declension adjective
Example Usage:
Diana sagittifera – “Arrow-bearing Diana.”
Dea sagittifera venationem amat. – “The arrow-bearing goddess loves hunting.”
prompsit
‘he/she/it brought forth’
‘he/she/it drew (an arrow)’
third-person singular perfect indicative active form of the verb promo, promere, prompsi, promptum, meaning “to bring forth,” “to produce,” “to reveal,” or “to draw out.”
Example Sentences:
Gladium prompsit.
“He drew out his sword.”
Consilium prompsit.
“She revealed the plan.”
Verba magna prompsit.
“He uttered great words.”
duo
‘two’
tela
the weapons (any kind that is thrown or shot); here: arrows
- From telum, teli (neuter, second declension)
Tela is the nominative plural, accusative plural, or vocative plural of telum, which means “weapon,” “dart,” or “spear.”
Examples:
Tela in hostes iecerunt.
“They hurled weapons at the enemy.”
Haec tela magna sunt.
“These weapons are large.”
- From tela, telae (feminine, first declension)
Tela (singular) means “web,” “warp” (of weaving), or “loom.”
Examples:
Tela in textrina posita est.
“The loom was placed in the weaving room.”
Aranea tela texit.
“The spider wove a web.”
pharetra
quiver
from pharetra, pharetrae (f.)
diversorum
‘of diverse, of various’
or
“of the diverse” or “of the different ones.”
genitive plural form of the adjective diversus, diversa, diversum, which means “different,” “varied,” or “diverse.” It is typically used to describe people or things that are varied, differing from each other, or belonging to different groups.
Example Sentences:
Opiniones diversorum hominum audimus.
“We hear the opinions of different people.”
Litterae diversorum auctorum sunt lectae.
“The writings of various authors have been read.”
