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Endocrinology > Overview – The Endocrine System > Flashcards

Overview – The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

List the hormone glands of the brain

A

Pineal gland

Hypothalamus

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

List all the components of the endocrine system

A

Hormonal Glands of the Brain (Pineal gland, Hypothalamus, Pituitary gland)

Thyroid gland

Parathyroid gland

Thymus gland

Adrenal glands

Kidneys

Pancreas

Ovaries

Testes

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3
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Shaped like a pine cone

Located in pocket near the splenium of the corpus collosum

Site of melatonin synthesis

A

Pineal Gland

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4
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Most inferior portion of diencephalon

Releases hormones that target the pituitary gland

Produces ADH and oxytocin

Produces releasing hormones

Regulates water balance, body temperature, and appetite

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Called the “Master gland”

Attached to the lower surface of the hypothalamus by the infundibular stalk

A

Pituitary Gland

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6
Q

The anterior pituitary gland is responsible for which hormones?

A

GH
ACTH
TSH
Prolactin
FSH
LH

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7
Q

The posterior pituitary gland stores which hormones from the hypothalamus?

A

Neurohormones (Continuous with brain)

Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)/ Vasopressin

oxytocin

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8
Q

Which portion of the pituitary gland is continuous with the brain?

A

posterior pituitary gland

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9
Q

Which portion of the pituitary gland is the Rathke’s pouch located?

A

anterior pituitary gland

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10
Q

Postpartum necrosis of the pituitary gland due to massive blood loss, hypovolemic shock, or both during delivery

Consider if a patient has failure to lactate after delivery and amenorrhea

A

Sheehan’s necrosis

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11
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Located in the base of the neck on both sides of the lower part of the
larynx and upper part of trachea

Two lateral lobes connected by an isthmus

A

Thyroid Gland

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12
Q

What are the two types of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells
Parafollicular cells

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13
Q

This thyroid gland cell type produce T3 and T4 – important role in body’s metabolism

A

Follicular cells

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14
Q

This thyroid gland cell type secretes calcitonin

A

Parafollicular cells

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15
Q

Which thyroid hormone is described below?

Large protein that is a storage form of the thyroid hormones

A

Thyroglobulin

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16
Q

Which thyroid hormone is described below?

Formed from the hydrolysis of Tg

70% bound to TBG

A

Thyroxine (T4)

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17
Q

Which thyroid hormone is described below?

Formed from the hydrolysis of Tg

80% bound to TBG

A

Triiodothyronine (T3)

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18
Q

Which thyroid hormone is described below?

Glycoprotein that is synthesized and secreted by the liver

Each molecule of TBG has a single binding site for a thyroid hormone molecule

A

Thyroxine-binding globulin

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19
Q

Which thyroid hormone is described below?

Secreted by the hypothalamus

Stimulates anterior pituitary release TSH

A

Thyrotropin Releasing Hormone (TRH)

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20
Q

Which thyroid hormone is described below?

Secreted by the pituitary and stimulates thyroid hormone production

Levels as low as 0.01 mU/L may be detected

Best screening test for hypo or hyperthyroidism

Levels may be depressed with: thyroid hormone administration, severe
nonthyroidal illness, primary hyperthyroidism, older age >60

Levels can be suppressed with: pregnancy, acute psychiatric illness,
glucocorticoids, NSAIDs, or narcotics

A

Thyroid Stimulating Hormone (TSH)

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21
Q

Less than what percentage of the T4 and T3 in blood is in the free form (in equilibrium with the large protein-bound portion)?

A

less than 1%

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22
Q

Which thyroid hormone is the major secretory product of the thyroid gland and is the predominant thyroid hormone in the blood?

A

T4

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23
Q

When concentrations of free T4 and T3 fall in the blood, which part of the pituitary secretes TSH to raise the concentration?

A

the anterior pituitary gland

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24
Q

What percentage of circulating T3 is derived from peripheral deiodination of T4?

A

90%

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25
Q

Which thyroid hormone is the the most active hormone?

A

T3

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26
Q

Which hormone is a direct measurement of the serum concentration of free (unbound) thyroxine, representing only about 0.025% of the total?

A

FT4

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27
Q

Why is evaluation with the free thyroxine immunoassay (FT4) better than with the T4 immunoassay?

A

Better than T4 immunoassay or free thyroxine index since it is not
affected by variations in protein binding

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28
Q

What does the T4 immunoassay measure?

A

Measures total serum thyroxine, both bound and free

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29
Q

What is the T4 immunoassay result affected by?

A

Affected by altered thyroxine binding, therefore, is usually run with
resin T3U to calculate the free thyroxine index

30
Q

Indirect inverse test of thyroid binding proteins

It is high when the patient’s proteins are low or thyroxine is high

A

T3 Resin Uptake

31
Q

What assessment is an indirect measure of the quantity of thyroxine
binding proteins (thyroid binding prealbumin, albumin, and TBG) in
plasma?

A

T3 Uptake (T3U)

32
Q

What is the T3 resin uptake assessment used for?

A

Used to correct for binding changes that effect the total serum
thyroxine to create the free thyroxine index

33
Q

Which thyroid assessment is described below?

Product of T4 and resin T3 uptake (T4 x T3 uptake) helps correct for
abnormalities of thyroxine binding

A good free T4 assay is more accurate

A

Free Thyroxine Index

34
Q

Four parathyroid glands are located in what relation to the thyroid gland?

A

posterior

35
Q

Which hormone is described below?

Primary regulator of calcium

Secretion stimulated by falling free calcium levels

Secretion suppressed by rising free calcium levels

A

PTH

36
Q

What is the role of PTH?

A

PTH increases the serum calcium concentration

37
Q

What are the main physiological effects of PTH?

A

It increases the osteoclastic activity in bone, with increased delivery of calcium and phosphorus to the circulation

It increases the renal tubular reabsorption of calcium in the glomerular filtrate

It inhibits the net absorption of phosphate and bicarbonate by the
renal tubule

It stimulates the synthesis of 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol by the kidney, thus secondarily enhancing intestinal absorption of calcium

38
Q

Only what percentage of total calcium circulates in blood?

A

1%

39
Q

You must adjust normal range of total serum calcium based on what?

A

serum albumin

Serum calcium is largely bound to albumin; therefore, ionized calcium should be determined or the serum calcium level should be corrected for serum albumin level

40
Q

What is the corrected calcium equation?

A

Corrected calcium (mg/dL) = measured total Ca (mg/dL) = 0.8(4.0 –
serum albumin [g/dL], where 4.0 represents the average albumin
level in g/dL

Ca = 8.0mg/dL , albumin 3.0m/dL
8.0 + 0.8 (4.0 – 3.0)
Corrected calcium = 8.8mg/dL

41
Q

What is a fat-soluble hormone that increases the absorption of calcium
from the intestine?

A

Vitamin D

42
Q

Which vitamin is not really aa vitamin since it can be made by the action of sunlight on the skin?

A

Vitamin D

43
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Located in the mediastinal cavity anterior to and above the heart

Produces T-lymphocytes

A

Thymus gland

44
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Paired pyramid-shaped organs located on the upper poles of each kidney

Composed to two separate endocrine organs

A

Adrenal Glands

45
Q

What is the outer portion of the adrenal glands called?

A

Cortex

46
Q

What is the inner portion of the adrenal glands called?

A

Medulla

47
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes what hormones?

A

Mineralocorticoids
Glucocorticoids
Androgens

48
Q

The adrenal medulla secretes what hormones?

A

Epinephrine
Norepinephrine

49
Q

What are the three layers that make up the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Fasciculata
Zona Glomerulosa
Zona Reticularis

50
Q

Using what as the starting material, the cells of the adrenal cortex secrete a variety of steroid hormones that fall into the three classes?

A

cholesterol

51
Q

The most abundant glucocorticoid is what?

A

cortisol (also called hydrocortisone)

52
Q

Glucocorticoids are produced in what portion of the adrenal cortex?

A

Produced in the Zona Fasciculata

53
Q

Get their name from their effect of raising the level of glucose 🡪 stimulate gluconeogenesis in the liver

A

Glucocorticoids

54
Q

What are the major metabolic effects of cortisol?

A

Carbohydrate metabolism
Fat Metabolism
Protein Metabolism

55
Q

List some short term (high dose) adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

A

Cerebral edema
GI bleed
Glaucoma
Mood disorder
Pancreatitis
Sodium and water retention
Diabetes mellitus
Hypertension
Hypokalemic alkalosis
Increased BUN
Proximal myopathy

56
Q

List some long term adverse effects of glucocorticoids?

A

Amenorrhea
Aseptic necrosis of bone
Centripetal obesity
Mood disorders
Osteoporosis
Diabetes mellitus
Cataracts
Growth failure
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Muscle weakness
seizures

57
Q

Mineralcorticoids are produced in what portion of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Glomerulosa

58
Q

What get their name from their effect on mineral metabolism?

A

The mineralcorticoids

59
Q

What is the most important mineralcorticoid?

A

aldosterone

60
Q

In females, what is a major source of androgens?

A

the adrenal cortex

61
Q

The adrenal cortex secretes precursors to androgens such as what?

A

testosterone

62
Q

Androgens are produced in what portion of the adrenal cortex?

A

Zona Reticularis

63
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Pair of purple-brown organs situated towards the back of the abdominal cavity (retroperitoneal cavity)

Each is lateral to the spinal column

Form urine from blood plasma

Major regulators of water, electrolytes, and acid-base content of the blood

A

Kidneys

64
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Located behind the stomach and in front of the first and second
lumbar vertebrae

Endocrine and exocrine gland

Has a role in digestion and hormone production

A

Pancreas

65
Q

Islets of Langerhans alpha cells secrete what?

A

secrete glucagon

66
Q

Islets of Langerhans beta cells secrete what?

A

secrete insulin

67
Q

Islets of Langerhans delta cells secrete what?

A

secrete somatostatin

68
Q

This hormone inhibits the secretion of insulin, glucagon, growth hormone from the anterior pituitary, and gastrin from the stomach

A

somatostatin

69
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Almond shaped glands, located on both sides of the uterus

Controlled by gonadotropins LH and FSH

A

Ovaries

70
Q

What is the function of the ovaries?

A

Production of reproductive cell - ovum

Production of hormones - Estrogen, progesterone

71
Q

Which endocrine organ is described below?

Male gonad

One of two reproductive glands located in the scrotum

A

Testes

72
Q

What is the function of the testes?

A

Male reproductive glands - Spermatozoa

Male hormones - Testosterone, inhibin

Endocrinology (7 decks)

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