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Body in Balance Midterm #2 > Overview of the Respiratory System and Anatomy > Flashcards

Overview of the Respiratory System and Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

Regions of Parietal Pleura

A

Costal Pleura

  • adjacent to ribs

Diaphragmatic Pleura

  • adjacent to diaphragm

Mediastinal Pleura

  • adjacent to pericardial sac
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2
Q

Bronchial Tree

A

Superior/Larger

  • trachea
  • primary bronchi to right or left lung
  • secondary bronchi to each lobe of lung (2 on left, 3 on right)
  • tertiary bronchi to each bronchopulmonary segment
  • smaller bronchi
  • bronchioles
  • alveoli

Inferior/More Specific

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3
Q

Recesses of Pleural Sacs

A
  • Pleural sacs extend beyond borders of lungs.
    • Parietal pleura reflects back on itself.
  • Spaces created are usually very small.
    • Larger during expiration
  • Fluid from infection or bleeding can collect here
  • not normally a space but can be a space in cases of infection
  • clinically important
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4
Q

neutral blood pH

A

7.4 is the neutral blood pH

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5
Q

Surface Anatomy of Lungs

A
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6
Q

Functions of Respiratory System

A
  • Provides oxygen
  • Eliminates carbon dioxide
  • Regulates the blood’s hydrogen ion concentration (pH) in coordination with the kidneys
  • Forms of speech sounds (phonation)
  • Immune functions (defense against microbes/dust in air)
  • Influences arterial concentrations of chemical messengers by removing some from pulmonary capillary blood and producing and adding others to this blood
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7
Q

Diaphragm

A

Skeletal Muscle

Dome-shaped

Central tendon (middle of diaphragm)

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8
Q

Alveolar Cell Types

A

Type I pneumocytes (95%)

  • Flat; make diffusion barrier with capillary endothelial cells

Type II pneumocytes (5%)

  • Produce surfactant

Macrophages (‘dust cells’)

  • Phagocytes; move freely through alveoli
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9
Q

Bronchopulmonary Segments

A
  • Anatomically and functionally independent units.
    • Pyramidal in shape: apex toward hilus; base toward pleural surface
  • Supplied by one tertiary (segmental) bronchus and one segmental branch of pulmonary artery.
    • Pulmonary veins travel between segments; drain adjacent segments.
  • Each bronchopulmonary segment can be removed without affecting the rest of the lung

*need to know all of these segments!

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10
Q

Vocal Ligaments

A
  • Elastic tissue
  • Underlie vocal folds, bilaterally
  • Run between each arytenoid cartilage and the internal surface of thyroid cartilage
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11
Q

Right Lung v. Left Lung At Hilus

A

“RALS”

Right Lung Pulmonary Artery = Anterior to Bronchus

Left Lung Pulmonary Artery = Superior to Bronchus

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12
Q

Things produced and added by lung cells

A
  • bradykinin
  • histamine
  • serotonin
  • heparin
  • prostaglandins Ex and F2a
  • endoperoxidases (prostaglandins G2 and H2)
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13
Q

Trachea

A
  • Just inferior to larynx
  • Branches at carina
    • at T4/5 vertebral level
      • (at sternal angle)
      • superior to the heart
  • to form right and left primary (main) bronchi
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14
Q

Three Major Foramina of of Diaphragm

A

Vena Caval Foramen (T8):

  • Inferior Vena Cava
  • Right Phrenic N.

Esophageal Hiatus (T10):

  • Esophagus
  • R & L Vagal Trunks

Aortic Hiatus (T12):

  • Aorta (aorta kind goes behind diaphragm; don’t want it to be affected by contraction of the muscles in the diaphragm)
  • Thoracic Duct
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15
Q

Conducting Airways: Superior to Inferior

A

nasal cavity

pharynx

larynx (vocal folds)

trachea

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16
Q

Conducting Airways and Respiratory Airways responsible for:

A

Conducting Airways

  • warm, moisten and filter incoming air
  • deliver air to alveoli

Respiratory Airways

  • gas exchange
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17
Q

Laryngeal Cartilages

A

9* Laryngeal Cartilages (*we only care about 5)

3 unpaired

  • Epiglottis
    • Elastic cartilage
    • Covers opening of larynx
  • Thyroid cartilage
    • Hyaline cartilage
    • Shield-shaped; doesn’t cover posterior larynx
  • Cricoid cartilage
    • Hyaline cartilage
    • Only complete ring of cartilage in airway •

3 pairs* (*we only care about 1 pair)

  • Arytenoid cartilages
    • Hyaline cartilage
    • Articulate with superior part of posterior cricoid cartilage • Very movable
    • Attach to vocal ligaments
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18
Q

Diffusion Barrier (Air-Blood Barrier)

A
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19
Q

Pleural sacs

A

Parietal Pleura

  • lines inside of thoracic cavity (rib cage).

Visceral Pleura

  • lines surface of lungs.

two layers are continuous at the hilus of the lung

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20
Q

Lining of Respiratory System changes through conducting and respiratory passageways

A

Epithelium and underlying structures change composition through conducting and respiratory passageways.

  • height of epithelium decreases; transitions from more columnar to more cuboidal
  • goblet cells & glands decrease
  • cartilage decreases
  • relative amounts of smooth muscle & elastic fibers increase
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21
Q

Bronchi and Lobes of Lungs

A

Right lung = 3 lobes

Left Lung = 2 lobes

Primary (Main) Bronchi

  • one to each lung

Secondary (Lobar) Bronchi

  • one to each lobe

Tertiary (Segmental) Bronchi

  • one to each bronchopulmonary segment
22
Q

Things metabolized, modified, or cleared by lungs

A

prostaglandins E1, E2, and F2a; norepinephrine

23
Q

Three Regions (Spaces) Within the Larynx

A

Vestibule

  • opening of larynx to vestibular folds

Ventricle

  • between the vestibular and vocal folds

Infraglottic Cavity

  • vocal folds to trachea

Vocal Folds + Space Between = Glottis

24
Q

Right vs. Left Main Bronchus

A

Right main bronchus: • straighter • shorter • wider

25
Q

how do cilia work and role of smoking

A
  • cilia face the lumen and beat upward; covered in water and mucous that can catch particulate matter to move it back up out of body
  • Smoke can kill cilia; why smokers get hacking cough (trying to compensate for lack of cilia)
26
Q

Hilus of Lung

A
  • Only place where structures enter/ exit lungs
  • Contains:
    • Bronchi
    • Blood vessels
      • Pulmonary A/V
      • Bronchial A/V
    • Lymphatics
      • Lymph Nodes
    • Nerves
27
Q

Larynx has 2 main functions:

A
  1. Maintain a patent airway (cartilage)
  2. Close off airway if needed (muscles)
  • Swallowing
  • Cough reflex
  • (+Speech)

have to close the larynx off every time we swallow

28
Q
A

histology of alveoli

29
Q

Histology of the Trachea

A
  • 16-20 C-shaped hyaline cartilages
    • airway stays patent
  • Smooth muscle on posterior side
    • Allows esophagus to expand
  • Lined with respiratory epithelium
30
Q

why are lungs good place to add things to blood?

A

Has 5L of output each pump passing through it whereas systemic blood has 5L totally being shared across all body

31
Q

Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)

A
  • Originates from brainstem
  • Travels through neck into thorax and abdomen
  • Two branches of vagus nerve innervate the larynx (motor and sensory)
    • Superior laryngeal nerves (in M&M)
    • Recurrent laryngeal nerves
      • Right: loops around subclavian artery
      • Left: loops around aortic arch; loops around ligamentum arteriosum (?)
        • Pathology in thorax can affect this nerve
32
Q

Lobes and Fissures of the Lungs

A
33
Q

Lung in Situ

A
  • Surround the heart
  • Apex of each lung is superior to first rib
  • Bases rest on diaphragm
34
Q

Respiratory Epithelium

A
  • Lines most of the conducting parts of the respiratory system
  • Pseudostratified columnar ciliated epithelium with goblet cells
  • Lamina propria and submucosa contain numerous seromucous glands
35
Q

Movement of Diaphragm

A
  • Flattens with inspiration.
    • Increases thoracic volume/decreases thoracic pressure.
  • Moves 4-6 cm with each breath.
    • Boundary between thorax and abdomen moves with each breath.
36
Q

Airway Branching in the Human Lung

A

Cartilaginous rings help hold trachea and bronchi open

Alveoli - where gas exchange occurs

Alveolar sacs are like a cluster of grapes (with the grapes being alveoli)

37
Q

Vocal Folds and Vestibular Folds

A

Vocal Folds (True Vocal Folds)

  • Stratified squamous epithelium (to resist frictional forces)
  • Overlie the vocal ligaments
  • Changes in length, tension, proximity involved in sound production
  • Can close off airway
  • Tenser (or shorter) vocal fold = Faster Vibration, Higher Pitch

Vestibular Folds (False Vocal Folds)

  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Overlie vestibular ligaments
  • Contain glands
  • Not involved in sound production
38
Q

Phrenic Nerve

A
  • From cervical spinal nerves 3, 4, & 5
  • Somatomotor
  • Anterior to hilus of lung on each side
39
Q

The Alveolar-Capillary Unit

A
  • Alveoli = tiny, hollow sacs whose open ends are continuous with the lumens of airways
  • Large surface area (480 million of them)
  • Main site of gas exchange
  • 280 billion pulmonary capillaries; 500-1,000 pulmonary capillaries per alveolus
  • Total surface area between alveoli and pulmonary capillaries = 50-100m^2
  • Space between alveoli and capillaries just a few microns (need to be thin for exchange)
40
Q

Elastic Tissue in Alveolar Walls

A

long-term COPD patients can have large ribcages

41
Q

Laryngeal Muslces

A
  • Skeletal muscles
  • Move the cartilages at joints
  • Regulate airway
  • Move vocal ligaments closer together/farther apart
  • Change length & tension of vocal ligaments (speech)
  • Contraction of all muscles together will close off airway (cough reflex)
42
Q

Hilus anatomy: medial surface

A
43
Q

Histology of Bronchial Tree (Bronchi vs. Bronchioles)

A

Bronchi

  • Have cartilage
  • Part of conducting system only

Bronchioles (Both)

  • Have NO cartilage
  • More prominent smooth muscle layer
  • Part of conducting system through terminal bronchioles
  • Last branches are respiratory bronchioles
  • Part of respiratory system
  • Give rise to alveoli

Conducting Bronchioles (through terminal bronchioles)

  • Respiratory epithelium
  • Smooth muscle
  • Elastic fibers
  • No cartilage

Respiratory Bronchioles

  • Directly lead to alveoli
  • Smooth muscle
  • Elastic fibers
  • No cartilage
44
Q

Cell Types in Respiratory Epithelium

A

Ciliated cells

  • Cilia beat toward pharynx

Goblet cells

  • Unicellular mucous glands; secrete mucus

Granule cells

  • Endocrine cells

Brush cells

  • Have microvilli; chemosensory/associated with nerve ending

Basal cells

  • Stem cells

*these cells are contributing to the warming, humidifying and filtering of inspired air

45
Q

Filtration of Inspired Air

A
  • By entrapment from nasal hairs
  • By sedimentation due to gravity in the smaller airways
  • Mechanical or chemical stimulation of airway receptors can lead to bronchoconstriction (reduce flow of bad things into body)
  • Stimulation of nose or nasopharynx receptors = sneeze
  • Stimulation of tracheal receptors = cough
  • Activity of the “mucociliary escalator”; cilia
46
Q

respiratory zone vs. cartilaginous zone

A
  • Respiratory zone is participating in gas exchange
  • Conducting zone can’t participate in gas exchange; just transports air down
    • Can be referred to as the anatomical dead space (150-200 ml)
47
Q

Paths of Pulmonary Arteries and Veins through lung

A

Pulmonary Arteries “segmental”

  • follow bronchial tree

Pulmonary Veins (“intersegmental”)

  • travel between bronchopulmonary segments
48
Q
A
49
Q

Motor & Sensory Innervation of the Larynx

A

Vagus Nerve (Cranial Nerve X)

50
Q

Anatomy of Larynx

A
  • Larynx includes epiglottis and vocal folds
  • Cartilage and skeletal muscle
  • Vocal folds are on lateral walls
  • Lined by respiratory epithelium
    • EXCEPT on vocal folds
      • stratified squamous epithelium
      • Resists high friction from vibration

epiglotiis is the lid that covers larynx when we swallow

Body in Balance Midterm #2 (26 decks)

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