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Spr2015_Week5 > Overview of the Pulm System/Lung Development > Flashcards

Overview of the Pulm System/Lung Development Flashcards

1
Q

Functions of the lung

A

1) gas exchange= constantly survey in and out environ
1) extraction of O2 from enviro
2) eliminate CO2 from lungs
3) endocrine and immune organ

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2
Q

Proper gas exchange requires which organs

A

1) lung, chest wall, resp muscles for movement
2) heart and pulm circulation for flow
3) central and peripheral receptors to control and match ventilation/perfusion

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3
Q

problem in obstructive airway disease

A

1) impede gas flow in and out of alveoli

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4
Q

problem in restrictive disease

A

alter ventilation-perfusion matching

barrier for gas exchange

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5
Q

problem in pulmonary vascular disease

A

impair gas transfer

–> right heart failure

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6
Q

Pleural space created by (2)

A

1) inner lining of chest wall (parietal pleura)

2) outer lining of lung
(visceral pleura

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7
Q

what separates pleura

A

thin fluid (lubricant)

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8
Q

what happens if air enters pleural space

A

pneumothorax

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9
Q

what happens if fluid enters pleural space

A

pleural effusion

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10
Q

where are 5 lobes

A

2 upper lobe

2 lower lobe

right middle lobe

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11
Q

what supplies lobes

A

lobar bronchi and pulm arteries

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12
Q

what do pulm veins and lymphatics drain from

A

drain from the acini

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13
Q

which structures are part of lung’s conducting airways

A

1) trachea
2) bronchi
3) bronchioles

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14
Q

which structures part of lung’s gas exchange units

A

1) respiratory bronchioles
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveoli

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15
Q

conducting airway is defined by a series of ___

A

dichotomously branching tubes

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16
Q

the first 16 of the 23 airways are ___

A

conducting (conduit for gas transfer to and from respiratory exchange units)

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17
Q

structures that make up airway wall

A

1) inner mucosal surface (epithelial cells, cilia, goblet)
2) smooth muscle layer
3) outer connective tissue layer

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18
Q

what are structures within inner mucosal surface

A

1) epithelial cells
2) cilia
3) goblet cells

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19
Q

___ changes as generation increases

A

morphology of the airway wall

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20
Q

how does airway wall morphology change from bronchi to bronchioles

A

loss of cartilage in outer tissue layer

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21
Q

what do bronchitis and bronchietasis refer to

A

diseases of airway with cartilage

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22
Q

what do bronchiolitis refer to

A

diseases of bronchioles or non-cartilagenous airways

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23
Q

ventilation

A

air movement in and out of lung

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24
Q

respiration

A

gas exchange

exchange O2 and CO2 across alveolar capillary movements

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25
Q

conducting airways do not ___

A

exchange gas

“anatomic deadspace”

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26
Q

what does deadspace refer to?

A

parts of lungs that don’t exchange gas

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27
Q

What are the gas exchange regions

A

allow efficient diffusion of O2 and CO2 across alveolar and capillary walls

28
Q

what is the gas exchange region also known as

A

acinus

29
Q

where does acinus begin?

A

1) distal to terminal bronchiole

30
Q

what are components within gas exchange region

A

1) respiratory bronchiole
2) alveolar ducts
3) alveoli

31
Q

2 different cell types in alvoelar epithelial cells

A

1) squamous lining cells = type 1 cells = pneumocytes (simple squamous)
2) secretory cells = type II cells

32
Q

describe type 1 cells of lung

A

95% of alveolar surface area

fuse with capillary endothelium to create thin membrane for transfer

33
Q

what do type 1 cells fuse to create?

A

capillary endothelium to create thin membrane for gas transfer

34
Q

what cells are injured in ARDS

A

type 1 cells

35
Q

if type 1 cells are injured what disease

A

ARDS

36
Q

functions of type II cells

A

1) repair/replace injured type 1 pneumocytes

2) secrete surfactant (lower alveolar surface tension)

37
Q

what do type II cells secrete

A

surfactant (lower alveolar surface tension

38
Q

pulmonary arteries (and arterioles) run with the ___

A

bronchi (and bronchioles)

PULMONARY VEINS ARE MORE PERIPHERAL

39
Q

at what interface does gas exchange occur

A

across capillary-alveolar interface

40
Q

where do lymphatics run?

what is their function?

A

run near pulm arteries and veins

help with extravascular lung water

41
Q

lung development

what do lungs develop from? when?

fxn of that structure

A

lung bud of gut tube endoderm at week 4 from outpouch between 4th and 6th brachial arches (laryngotracheal groove)

instructs formation of notochord, heart, blood vessel
creates 2 tubes- digestive & respiratory

42
Q

which layer do lungs develop from?

A

gut endoderm

43
Q

where does pulmonary circulation develop from?

A

surrounding mesenchyme off lung bud branching

44
Q

what happens day 26- 6 weeks

embryonic

A

foregut endoderm invade splanchnic mesenchyme

3 rounds of branching –> lung lobes
(asymmetric –> dichotomous (proximal tracheobronchial tree) –> subsegmental bronchii –> fill bilateral pleural cavities

45
Q

____ forms lung lobes

A

3 rounds of branching

46
Q

when does this happen

foregut endoderm extends into surrounding mesenchyme

3 rounds of branching –> lung lobes

A

days 26- 6 weeks

47
Q

what happens 6 to 16 weeks

pseudoglandular

A

lung descend into thorax
pleuroperitoneal foramen closens

14 rounds of branching form terminal bronchioles

glandular cells = columnar rather than glandular

finished formation of conducting airways (down to #16)
–> splanchnic mesenchyme –> forms cartilage, smooth muscle cells and mucous glands

48
Q

when does this happen

14 rounds of branching form terminal bronchioles

A

6 - 16 weeks

49
Q

what happens between 16-28 weeks (canalicular)

A

form terminal bronchiole that divides into 2+ respiratory bronchioles

develop pulm capillary bed

expand airspaces

surfactant production begins

50
Q

when does this happen

terminal bronchiole divides into 2+ respiratory bronchioles

surfactant production begins

A

16-28 weeks

51
Q

what happens 28-36 weeks (saccular)

A

EPITHELIAL CELL DIFFERENTIATION –> TYPE 1 AND 2
respiratory bronchioles subdivided –> terminal sacs (develop into childhood)

distal growth and branching of terminal saccules

52
Q

when does this happen

respiratory bronchioles dubdivided –> terminal sacs (develop into childhood)

A

28-36 weeks

53
Q

what happens 36 week- early childhood (4-6 yrs)

alveolar

A

secondary septal

form true alveoli

septae thin

fusion of double capillary network

establish gas exchange unit

54
Q

when does this happen

lung grows and alvoeli mature

septae thin

single capillary network in alv wall

establish gas exchange unit

A

36 week to early childhood (4-6 yrs)

55
Q

what happens during week 4 of embryology

A

Epithelial cells of primitive foregut invade the splanchnic mesenchyme

Primitive lung bud develops from an outpouching between the 4th and 6th brachial arches
(Laryngotracheal groove)

56
Q

when does this happen?

Epithelial cells of primitive foregut invade the splanchnic mesenchyme

Primitive lung bud develops from an outpouching between the 4th and 6th brachial arches
(Laryngotracheal groove)

A

3 weeks

57
Q

what happens during week 5 of embryology

A

right and left lung bud push into primordial pleural cavity (pericardioperitoneal)

58
Q

a

A

a

59
Q

embryonic lung branching determined by ___

A

mesoderm

at branch points epithelial cell division stopped and collagen produced

at developing buds, growth factor produced to induce epithelial mitosis

60
Q

when is fetal breathing detected

A

17-26 weeks gestation

61
Q

type 1 cells are fusion of ___ and ___ basal lamina

A

epithelial and endothelial

62
Q

a

A

a

63
Q

when do type II pneumocytes appear?

A

at 6 month and start secreting surfactant

64
Q

what happens during month 7

A

Respiratory bronchioles proliferate

Alveolar ducts and sacs

65
Q

branching pattern determined by ___

A

mesoerm

66
Q

what happens at branch points in branching?

A

epithelial cell division stops

collagen produced

67
Q

what happens at developing buds in branching?

A

growth factors produced to induce epithelial mitosis

othe rmesodermal and epith factors stabilize and develop airways

Spr2015_Week5 (19 decks)

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