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Brain and Behaviour > Overview of the Nervous system > Flashcards

Overview of the Nervous system Flashcards

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1
Q

what is the function of the nervous system

A
  • Gather sensory information from the internal and external environment
  • Integrate information for assessment and meaning - this happens in the CNS
  • Produce a response
  • Regulate body homeostasis for optimal performance – ANS
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2
Q

what is the central nervous system made out of

A

Central nervous system is made out of the brain, brainstem and the spinal cord which is an extension of the brainstem

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3
Q

what does the peripheral nervous system splits into

A

somatic and autonomic

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4
Q

what does the somatic nervous system do

A

mainly controls skeletal muscle

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5
Q

what does the autonomic nervous system do

A

regulates glands, blood vessels and internal organs

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6
Q

what is the autonomic nervous system divided into

A

sympathetic and parasympathetic

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7
Q

describe afferent neurones

A
  • Afferent – (sensory) – this takes information from PNS to CNS – cell body outside CNS
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8
Q

describe interneurons

A
  • Interneurons – relays information – this is completely imbedded within the CNS, they interconnect between the afferent and efferent neurones
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9
Q

describe efferent neurones

A
  • Efferent (motor) – this takes the response from CNS to PNS – cell body in the CNS
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10
Q

What is the structure of a typical

A
  • Made up of dendrites – these collect information
  • Cell body – synthetic centre this is where the neurotransmitters are made
  • Axon – this is the conduction pathway, conducts the action potentials from the cell body to other neurones of the effector organ, only have one axon per neurone
  • Axon terminal – release neurotransmitter onto other neurones or effector organ
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11
Q

what are the 6 categories of neurones

A
  • Sensory neurone
  • Motor neurone
  • Preganglionic automimic neurones
  • Postganglionic autonomic neurones
  • Local interneurons
  • Projection neurones (long interneurons)
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12
Q

for every neurone there are…

A

10 glial cells

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13
Q

what are the glial cells in the PNS

A

satellite cells

Schwann cells

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14
Q

what is the role of the satellite cells

A

support cells body

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15
Q

describe the role of the Schwann cells

A

these make myelin sheath and insulate the axons prevents the action potentials from dissipating

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16
Q

what are the glial cells in the CNS

A

oligodendrocytes
astrocytes
microglia
ependymal

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17
Q

what do oligodendrocytes do

A

these make myelin sheath and insulate the axons prevents the action potentials from dissipating

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18
Q

what do astrocytes do

A
  • support cell body and regulate the environment around the neurones,
  • they take up potassium, water and neurotransmitters that are in excess,
  • they also form the blood brain barrier
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19
Q

what do microglial cells do

A

these become activated when they are damaged and they phagocytose pathogens that can harm the brain, therefore they act as the immune cells of the brain

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20
Q

what to ependymal cells do

A
  • these are found lining the ventricular system
  • they help to move the cerebrospinal fluid around and line the ventricles helping move the CSF around the ventricular system
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21
Q

what is a difference between neurones and glial cells

A

A neurone cannot go back into the cell cycle, whereas the glial cells can go back into the cell cycle and regenerate themselves

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22
Q

most brain tumours are…

A

gliomas

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23
Q

why are most brain tumours gliomas

A
  • This is because the glial cells can undergo mitosis and regenerate
  • Schwannoma, astrocytoma, ependymoma and oligodendroglioma
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24
Q

what is the most common primary brain tumour in adults

A
  • Glioblastoma multiforme malignant astrocytoma and most common primary brain tumour in adults
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25
Q

what is epilepsy caused by

A
  • Often caused by malfunction in glial cells (astrocyte scar) in a region where neuronal damage has taken place
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26
Q

what causes Alzheimer’s disease

A
  • Tau in astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
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27
Q

what causes multiple sclerosis

A
  • Autoantibodies attack oligodendrocytes
28
Q

what diseases can glial cells cause

A

primary brain tumour
epilepsy
alzheimers
mutiple sclerosis

29
Q

dorsal

A

posterior

dorsal horn is the posterior horn and sensory axons enter

30
Q

ventral

A

anterior

ventral horn is anterior horn and location of lower motor neuron cell

31
Q

what is in grey matter

A

neuronal cell bodies, dendrities, axon terminal, synapses and is highly vascular

32
Q

what is in white matter

A

bundles of myelinated axons

33
Q

where are there groupings of neuronal cell bodies

A

nucleus - cranial nerve nuclei in the brainstem

ganglion - usually outside of CNS and sensory cell bodies such as the dorsal root ganglia

34
Q

what does the cortical spinal tract do

A

Cortical spinal tracts takes information from the primary motor content down and goes into the corticospinal tract and into the spinal cord and then into the various lower motor neurones with the spinal cord

35
Q

what does the reticular formation do

A
  • Acts as a filter, works out what is important to respond to and what isn’t important to respond to
36
Q

what does the leminsicus do

A
  • Sensory tract takes stuff up

- Goes the whole length of the brain stem

37
Q

what turns into the cerebrum

A

telencephalon

38
Q

describe the develop of the cerebellum

A
  • As we have become more complex the telencephalon as become more important this turns into the cerebrum
  • This is the higher function area
  • It folds down over the diencephalon and fuses with it and insula develops over the side of the fusion
39
Q

what is the insula

A

this is the awareness centre

- meeting point of the frontal, parietal and temporal lobes

40
Q

describe the characteristics of the adult ventricular system

A
  • It is supported in a fluid filled space that gives it buoyancy
  • It is surrounded with fluid
41
Q

what Is the ventricular system made out of

A

4 chambers – 2 lateral ventricles and then the 3rd and 4th ventricles

42
Q

what are in close proximity to the ventricles

A
  • Basal ganglia nucleic and thalamus
43
Q

what are the basal ganglia

A
  • Basal ganglia group of subcortical nuclei interconnected to cerebral cortex, thalamus and brainstem
44
Q

what is the role of the basal ganglia

A

involved with voluntary movement, procedural learning, routine behaviours (habits) and emotion

45
Q

what does the frontal lobe do

A
  • problem solving
  • emotional traits
  • reasoning
  • speaking
  • voluntary motor activity
46
Q

what does the temporal lobe do

A
  • understanding language
  • behaviour
  • memory
  • hearing
47
Q

what does the brainstem do

A
  • breathing
  • body temperature
  • digestion
  • alertness
  • swallowing
48
Q

what does the parietal lobe do

A
  • knowing right from left
  • sensation
  • reading
  • body orientation
49
Q

what does the occipital lobe do

A
  • vision

- colour perception

50
Q

what does the cerebellum do

A
  • balance
  • coordination and control of voluntary movement
  • fine muscle control
51
Q

what are broadmann areas

A
  • Identified 53 district regions of the cerebral cortex

- Mainly based on neuronal organisation but have since been correlated with function

52
Q

what are the motor and sensory homunculi

A
  • Primary motor = frontal lobe
  • Primary sensory = parietal lobe
  • Separated by the central sulcus – precentral gyrus and postcentral gyrus
53
Q
  • Left cerebral hemisphere communicates with ….
A
  • Left cerebral hemisphere communicates with right side of the body
54
Q

describe wernickes area

A
  • Comprehension / understanding of written and spoken language
  • Brodmann area 22
55
Q

describe brocas area

A
  • Language production

* Brodmann area 44-45

56
Q

where are wernickes and brocas area

A

• Both in left hemisphere

57
Q

describe what the left hemisphere is involved in

A

logic
analysis of facts,
understanding of production of language

58
Q

describe what the right hemisphere is involved in

A

• Imagination, rhythm, holistic thinking, non-verbal language, emotion in language

59
Q

what does the corpus callosum do

A
  • Connects cerebral hemispheres

- Extends from enlarged genu in frontal lobe to enlarged splenium in parietal lobe

60
Q

what does the anterior commissure connect

A

connects the temporal lobes

61
Q

what does the internal capsule connect

A
  • Internal capsule runs between lenticular nucleus (basal ganglia) and thalamus / head of caudate
  • Route through which information travels to and from cerebral cortex to subcortical sites
62
Q

what does the thalamus lie and what does it receive input from

A
  • Lies on either side of the 3rd ventricle – forms the wall of the 3rd ventricle
  • Receives input from all areas of the nervous system – it is the gateway to the cortex
63
Q

what lobe of the brain is the limbic system

A
  • 5th lobe of the brain
64
Q

what does the limbic system do

A
  • Emotion and memory
  • Frightening situations—or even memories of such situations—activate the amygdala, as shown in this functional magnetic resonance image (fMRI) of the left side of the brain of a person experiencing fear.
65
Q

what do deficits in the limbic system lead to

A
  • Deficits in this system leads to autism
66
Q

how many pairs of cranial nerves are there

A
  • 12 pairs of cranial nerves

* 10 have motor and or sensory nuclei in brainstem

67
Q

describe the location of cranial nerve nuclei

A

If your cranial nerve is motor its nucleic is in the centre, if the cranial nerve is purely sensory its nucleic will be on the periphery, if the cranial nerve is mixed it will be in the middle of the sensory and motor

Brain and Behaviour (34 decks)

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