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Muscle/nerves (F&F) > Overview of the Nervous System > Flashcards

Overview of the Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Key function of the Nervous System

A
  1. Receives sensory information from the environment
    - External- temperature, pressure, pain
    - Internal- osmotic pressure, blood pressure
  2. Processes information
  3. Generates motor response
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2
Q

Key components of the nervous system

A
  • Central Nervous system (brain and spinal cord)
  • Peripheral Nervous system (nerves and ganglia)
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3
Q

What is ganglia?

A

Groups of neuronal cell bodies located in PNS (therefore outside the brain and spinal cord)

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4
Q

Nucleus in Nervous system

A

Groups of neuronal cell bodies in the CNS (therefore there may be multiple nuclei in the CNS)

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5
Q

3 steps of the nervous system

A
  1. Sensory input (PNS): collects data from internal and external environments via sensory receptors
  2. Integration (CNS): processes and interprets the sensory input and decides on the action to be taken
  3. Motor output (PNS): executes the action by activating muscles or glands
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6
Q

How does the nervous system coordinate with other systems?

A
  • Works with the endocrine system for physiological regulation
  • Interacts with the muscular system for movement control
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7
Q

Relevance of the nervous system and veterinary medicine. Give examples.

A
  • Fundamental to understanding animal behaviour, movement, and response to treatment
  • Ex. Learn to give proper nerve blocks to prevent pain
  • Ex. Dog hit by a car- perform a physical exam which includes testing whether nerves are active or suppressed
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8
Q

Reflex Motor control

A
  • Neural pathway that controls rapid and involuntary movements
  • Ex. Kneejerk reflex- only one synapse
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9
Q

Dorsal vs. Ventral

A

Dorsal: back

Ventral: tummy

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10
Q

Gray vs. white matter

A

Gray matter: Appears as an “H” shape in the spinal cord. Groups of neuronal cell bodies

White matter: The area outside the “H” shape. Groups of axons.

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11
Q

Nerve Roots

A

Part of nerve that extends out of the spinal cord

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12
Q

Cell types in Nervous system

A
  1. Neurons
  2. Neuroglia
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13
Q

What cell type is most prominent in the nervous system?

A

Neuroglia (more than 90%)

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14
Q

Neurons

A
  • Functional unit of the nervous system
  • Receive signals from the environment and within the body, integrates sensory information, and generates output signals to an effector organ of the body to elicit an appropriate response
  • Information processing
  • Give rise to nerves
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15
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • Most abundant cell type in the nervous system
  • Surround most of the neuronal cell bodies, processes of axons and dendrites
  • Provide structural and functional support for neurons
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16
Q

Components of the neuron

A
  • soma or perikaryon
  • dendrites
  • axon hillock
  • axon
  • terminal arborization and boutons
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17
Q

Soma or perikaryon: cell body

A
  • Large spherical euchromatic nucleus and prominent nucleolus
  • Highly developed rER into aggregates of parallel cisternae and numerous polyribosomes (Nissl bodies)
  • Golgi in the cell body
  • Mitochondria found throughout the cell and abundant in axon terminal
  • Intermediate filaments called neurofilaments are abundant
  • Occasionally contain lipofusin (junk inside cytoplasm)
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18
Q

Dendrites: elongated processes that receive stimuli

A
  • Usually short and branched
  • Covered with many synapses
  • Cytoplasmic composition similar to cell body except no golgi
  • Dendritic spines = where synapses impinge on
19
Q

Axon hillock: specialized in initiating nerve impulses (action potential)

A
  • Action potential initiation
20
Q

Axon: elongated processes that specialize in propagating nerve impulses( (action potential)

A
  • Most neurons only have one
  • Mitochondria are important for ATP supply; they are needed near terminals to ensure proper neuron function
  • Axolemma- plasma membrane of the axon
  • Axoplasm- cytoplasm of the axon. Contains mitochondria, cytoskeleton, cisternae of sER. No rER or polyribosomes are present.
21
Q

Morphology of neurons

A

Different morphology for neurons
- Multipolar neurons
- Bipolar neurons
- Unipolar neurons

22
Q

Classification of neurons by function:

A
  • Motor (efferent neurons)
  • Sensory (afferent neurons)
  • interneurons
23
Q

Motor (efferent neurons)

A
  • Control effector organs such as muscle fibers and exocrine and endocrine glands
  • Neuronal cell body is located in the CNS
  • signal direction from CNS to PNS
24
Q

Sensory (afferent neurons)

A
  • Reception of sensory stimuli from the environment and from within the body
  • Neuronal cell body located within ganglion in the PNS
  • signal direction from PNS to CNS
25
Q

Interneurons

A

information processing

26
Q

components of PNS

A
  • Cranial nerves
  • Peripheral nerves
  • Ganglia
27
Q

What are the 2 nervous systems in the PNS?

A
  1. Sensory nervous system
  2. Motor nervous system
28
Q

Sensory nervous system

A
  • Contains receptors
  • Transmits information from receptors to the CNS
  • Broken down into somatic sensory and visceral sensory
29
Q

Motor nervous system

A
  • Transmits information from CNS to the rest of the body
  • Sends motor information to effectors
30
Q

Somatic sensory

A
  • Receives sensory information from skin, fascia, joints, skeletal, muscles, special senses
  • Part of sensory nervous system
  • Involves somatosensory signals
31
Q

Somatic motor

A
  • Voluntary
  • Nervous system: innervates skeletal muscle
  • Part of motor nervous system
32
Q

Visceral sensory

A
  • Receives sensory information from viscera
  • Part of sensory nervous system
  • Includes viscerosensory signals
33
Q

Autonomic motor

A
  • Involuntary
  • Nervous system : innervates cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, glands
  • Part of motor nervous systems
  • Includes the sympathetic and parasympathetic division
34
Q

What are the two major pathways of the PNS?

A
  1. Somatic (voluntary)- includes somatic sensory and somatic motor
  2. Visceral (autonomic/involuntary)- includes visceral sensory and autonomic motor
35
Q

Somatic Pathway

A

Sensation: conscious

Target: skeletal muscle

36
Q

Visceral pathway

A

Sensation: unconscious

Targets: glandular cells, smooth and cardiac muscle

Subdivisions: sympathetic (fight or flight) AND parasympathetic (rest of digest)

37
Q

Are Sensory and motor pathways of somatic and visceral PNS pathways similar or different?

A

Sensory pathways: similar in both somatic and visceral

Motor pathways: differ between somatic and visceral

38
Q

Sensory pathways of both visceral and somatic PNS pathways

A
  • Receive afferent impulses that go the the CNS
  • In both cranial nerves and dorsal root of the spinal nerves
  • Neurons are pseudounipolar and relay information from the ganglion’s nerve endings to the gray matter of the spinal cord via synapses with local neurons
39
Q

Motor pathways of somatic vs. visceral PNS pathways

A

Somatic:
- one neuron system
- Single motor neuron extends from the CNS directly to the skeletal muscle fiber

Visceral:
- 2 neuron chain
- A preganglionic neuron from the CNS synapses onto a postganglionic neuron in an autonomic ganglion. The postganglionic neuron innervates target tissue. A push-pull control (ex. sympathetic vs parasympathetic control)

40
Q

Where are the cell bodies of sensory neurons primarily located?

A

dorsal root ganglia

41
Q

Which pathway often utilizes a two-neuron chain for its motor component?

A

visceral

42
Q

What is the primary target of somatic motor pathways?

A

skeletal muscle

43
Q

Which of the following pathways is involved in conscious sensation and voluntary movement?

A

somatic

Muscle/nerves (F&F) (9 decks)

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