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Anatomy & Physiology > Overview Of The Eye > Flashcards

Overview Of The Eye Flashcards

1
Q

What’s the technical word for structure

A

Anatomy

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2
Q

What’s the technical name for function

A

Physiology

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3
Q

What is an eye

A

The organ of sight allowing for imaging of the surroundings

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4
Q

How is a pinhole eye formed

A

Photosensory cells are invaginated forming a chamber and there is only a small hole that lets light into the photoreceptors cells

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5
Q

How is an image formed in a pinhole eye

A

Very narrow beams of light from each point of an object form an inverted image on the wall of the chamber

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6
Q

What is the image like that’s produced by a pin hole eye

A

Either extremely dim or extremely blurred

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7
Q

Where are camera type eye found

A

Invertebrates and vertebrates

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8
Q

How is an image formed in a camera type eye

A

A pupil that limits light and focused incoming light onto a photosensitive surface

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9
Q

In a camera type eye, what shape is the lens formed

A

Spherical

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10
Q

How is the lens in a camera type eye formed in terrestrial Arthropods

A

Thickening of the exoskeleton cuticle

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11
Q

What is the image like that’s produced by a camera type eye

A

Bright picture with high optical quality

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12
Q

Where’s a concave mirror found

A

Clam pecten and a few ostracod crustaceans

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13
Q

What kind of image does a concave mirror eye produce

A

Bright but reasonably hazy picture

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14
Q

Opsin

A

The protein part of the visual pigment

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15
Q

When did eyes first appear

A

About 600 million years ago

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16
Q

Crystallins

A

Structural proteins of lenses

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17
Q

Cambrian explosion

A

Appearance and diversification of multicellular organisms

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18
Q

Trilobites

A

Arthropods that became extinct about 200 million years ago

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19
Q

How are Arthropods characterised

A

By the possession of segmented body with appendages on each segment.
They have a dorsal heart and a central nervous system

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20
Q

What is the hard exoskeleton of Arthropods made of

A

Chitin, a polysaccharide which provide physical protection + resistance to desiccation

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21
Q

What happens when an Arthropods moults

A

It sheds its covering - exoskeleton

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22
Q

What eyes do Arthropods have

A

Compound eyes

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23
Q

What eyes do vertebrates have

A

Simple eyes

24
Q

An evolutionary history

A

The emergence of our species and our eyes through geological time

25
Q

A developmental history

A

Unfolding within the lifetime of an individual

26
Q

Conjunctiva

A

A vascular membrane covering the sclera over the anterior segment of the eyeball and the adjacent surface of the eyelids

27
Q

What are the 3 layers of the human eye

A

Outer
Middle
Inner

28
Q

What does the outer layer of the human eye consist of and it’s purpose

A

Sclera
Cornea
= protection

29
Q

What does the middle layer of the human eye consist of

A

Uvea (choroid ciliary body iris)

=vascular, pigmented

30
Q

What does the inner layer of the human eye consist of

A

Retina

=photoreceptive

31
Q

Dioptric appears consists of ……..

A

Cornea, lens, aqueous humour, vitreous humour

32
Q

Corneosclera

A

Shape of the eyeball, protective

33
Q

What are the appearance of
Sclera
Cornea

A

White

Transparent

34
Q

What is the sclera

A

The opaque, fibrous, protective layer of the eye containing collagen + elastic fibres

35
Q

What’s the sclera like in children

A

Thinner and shoes some of the underlying pigment, appearing slightly blue

36
Q

What’s the sclera like in the old

A

Fatty deposits on the sclera can make it appear slightly yellow

37
Q

What does the sclera form

A

The posterior five sixths of the connective tissue coat of the globe, offering resistance to the internal + external forces

38
Q

What’s the thickness of the sclera

A

1mm at the posterior pole
To
0.33mm just behind the rectus muscle insertions

39
Q

The corneas function :

A

Provides a protective coating to the eye

Transparent - provides a clear windscreen

Is an optical lens - carries out 2/3 of focusing of visible light on retina

40
Q

What is the middle coat of the eye

A

Uvea = vascular coat

41
Q

Describe middle coat of the eye/ uvea

A 
Darkly pigmented (melanin) - absorption of light
Blood supply to the structures in the eye- nutrition, gas exchange, waste removal 
Other functions specific for the iris + ciliary body - accommodation response enabling to focus on objects at different distances
42
Q

What does the anterior uvea consist of

A

Iris

Ciliary body

43
Q

What does the posterior u ea consist of

A

Choroid

44
Q

Iris

A

A muscular diaphragm controlling the amount of light entering the eye

45
Q

Ciliary body

A

A muscular structure involved in adjusting the refractive power of the lens

46
Q

Choroid

A

Layer of pigmented vascular tissue between the retina + sclera

47
Q

What is the inner coat of the eye

A

Retina

48
Q

Describe the inner coat of the eye - retina

A

Complex layer of nerve cells connected to the rest of the brain by optic nerve which goes through a canal in the bony orbit - the optic foramen

Lies between the vitreous humour + the choroid

It can function (respond to light int.) over 11 orders of magnitude of light intensity

49
Q

What makes up the retina

A

Rods and cones

50
Q

Describe rods

A

Responsible for vision at low light (scotopic vision)

Do not mediate colour vision

Have a low spatial acuity

51
Q

Describe cones

A 
Active at higher light levels (photopic vision)
Capable of colour vision 
3 types of cones 
-short wavelength sensitive cones 
-Middle wavelength sensitive cones 
-long wavelength sensitive cones
52
Q

What are short/middle/long wavelengths aka

A

S-cone
M-cone
L-cone

53
Q

What are the functions of the retina

A

To detect + sample the inverted image projected upon it
To carry out initial neural integration + processing
To transmit the info in a precisely ordered pattern to the higher visual centres in the brain (the cortex)

54
Q

Visual pathways

A

From the retina via optic nerve signal goes to the brain

55
Q

Eye movements

A

Ocular muscles execute eye movements
Space between glove + orbit filled with orbital fat
Nerve supply needed to convey impulses to the eye, extra ocular muscles, ciliary muscle and iris
Sensory impulses carried from the eye (cornea+retina)

Anatomy & Physiology (4 decks)

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