Overview of renal disease Flashcards
What are the 7 functions of the kidney?
→ Excrete waste substances → Regulates minerals in extracellular fluid → Regulates water balance → RBC production → Blood pressure control → Vitamin D activation → acid base balance
How much blood passes through the glomeruli per day?
→ 2000
How much blood is filtered per day?
→ 200 L
What tests are used to measure kidney function?
→ Blood tests → Creatinine → formulae → Urine output → Elimination of radioisotopes
What is creatinine and where is it produced?
→ biomarker for filtration of the glomerulus
→ skeletal muslce
What is asymptomatic proteinuria?
→ glomerular filter has become leaky
What is nephritic syndrome?
→ Inflammatory condition in the glomerulus
→ RBC in urine
→ hypertensive
→ GFR falls
What is haematuria?
→ blood in urine due to bleeding anywhere along the urinary tract
What is chronic kidney disease?
→ Reduction in GFR that gets worse over time
What does diabetes mellitus do to the kidney?
→ Chronic damage to kidney through high BP
What are pre renal causes of kidney disease?
→ hypovolaemia
→ Perfusion decreases
→ Drugs
How can hypovolaemia be caused?
→ Haemorrhage
→ Diarrhoea
Why does perfusion decrease?
→ Septic shock
→ Cardiac failure
How can drugs cause kidney disease?
→ Angiotensin converting inhibitors
→ NSAIDs
How are glomerular diseases diagnosed?
→ Urine analysis
→ measures blood and protein
How is proteinuria quantified?
→ Urine albumin : creatinine ratio
→ Urine protein : creatinine ratio
What does glomerular bleeding lead to?
→ Red cell casts in the urine
→ Red cells get stuck together and form the shape of the tubule
How do dysmorphic erythrocytes form?
→ Red blood cells squeeze along the glomerular filter and become deformed