Blood flow and glomerular filtration Flashcards
How much of the resting cardiac output do the kidneys receive?
→ nearly a quarter
What is the large blood flow to the kidneys related to?
→ metabolic needs of the kidney
What are the 4 main functions of the kidney?
→Control volume & composition of body fluids
→To get rid of waste material from the body
→Acid-Base balance
→As an endocrine organ – EPO, Renin and Vit D
How long is the average nephron?
→ 4cm
What is the functional unit of the kidney?
→ nephron
What can the kidney not regenerate?
→ new nephrons
Why is the glomerulus unusual?
→ It enters and leaves as an artery
What do the blood vessels form around the tubule?
→ peritubular capillaries
What are the 2 sets of capillaries that a nephron has?
→ Glomerulus
→ Peritubular capillaries
What are the 2 stages of urine formation?
→Glomeruli produce the liquid
→The tubules modifies its volume and composition
How much fluid is filtered through the glomerulus and how much is being excreted as urine?
→Nearly all of the fluid filtered through the glomerulus is reabsorbed back from the tubule into the blood
→with the remainder being excreted as urine at a rate of 1ml/min
What urine output equates to renal failure?
→ <5ml/day
Why is there such a high filtration rate?
→A high rate of formation of glomerular fluid is needed to wash out the waste products fast enough to keep their blood level low
What is the first stage of urine production?
→ Glomerular filtration
How is glomerular fluid formed?
→By passive ultrafiltration of the plasma across the glomerular membrane
→as described by Starling’s principle of capillary fluid filtration
What is the GFR set by?
→Autoregulation
→Renal sympathetic vasomotor nerve activity
What is the glomerulus enclosed by?
→ Completely enclosed by the epithelium of the BC, though they are specialised to form podocytes
What is a passive ultrafiltrate of plasma?
→ Plasma from which the proteins have been filtered out
What is the concentration of small solutes and plasma proteins in glomerular fluid?
→For small solutes, such as NaCl, glucose and urea
The concentration in glomerular fluid = the concentration in plasma
→For plasma proteins
The concentration in glomerular fluid = almost zero
What is proteinuria a sign of?
→Proteinuria is a sign of renal/urinary tract disease
What drives the ultrafiltration process?
→A net pressure drop across the glomerular membrane drives the ultrafiltration process
→imbalance of Starling forces
What does the glomerular membrane sieve out?
→ Solutes from Plasma by Molecular Size
What is the pressure like in the kidney capillaries?
→ The highest compared to arterioles in the body
What does high pressure in the kidney capillaries create?
→ An outward force
What are the 2 components opposing the outward force created by high pressure in the glomerular capillary?
→colloid osmotic pressure exerted by proteins in the blood (25mmHg)
→pressure in the Bowman’s Space (10mmHg)
What is the net effect on glomerular capillaries as a result of the forces acting on it?
→net effect is an outward force of approximately 15mmHg
→drives fluid out of the capillary into the BC
What happens as blood flows through the capillary with respect to pressure?
→As the blood flows through the capillary, there is a slight drop in pressure from the afferent end to the efferent end.