Overview Of Places And Their Challenges

Question 1

Process of Urbanisation

Answer 1

Refers to the increasing percentage or proportion of people living in urban areas of a country

Typically involves the movement or shift of people from rural to urban areas or a large influx of migrants into urban areas at a greater rate than rural areas

Question 2

Urban Growth

Answer 2

An increase in the number of people living in urban places

21st Century is known as the ‘urban century’. Globally 56.6% of the worlds population lives in urban areas and is expected to increase to 68% by 2050.

These numbers are up from a previous 30% in 1950

Question 3

Liveability

Answer 3

The quality of space and the built environment

Question 4

Factors of Liveability

Answer 4

• Access to healthcare, education and public transport, availability of green spaces, cultural amenities, and opportunities for social interactions

Question 5

Mega City

Answer 5

An urban area with a population over 10 million people, 30 MC’s worldwide

Question 6

Implications on of urbanisation on world population in urban areas:

Urban Living (linked to?)

Answer 6

The implications of urbanisation on world population growth in urban places include:

• Growth in the short term

This can be through natural increases from younger people who move to urban places, as they are more likely to have children

Urban living is generally linked to:

Higher levels of education and literacy

Better health

Longer life expectancy

Greater access to social services

• However in the long term these population growth rates may ‘slow’ because fertility rates lower in urban areas

Question 7

Implications of urbanisation on world population in urban areas:

The Rise of Mega Cities

Answer 7

A mega city is defined as an urban area with a population over 10 million people. Around 30 MCs worldwide

They are predominately located in Asia

The biggest being Tokyo (37 mill), Dehli (30 mill), Shanghai (27 mill)

The rapid development of cities leads to the expansion of city borders, often joining other neighbouring urban areas

Some mega cities created through vast population growth cannot provide basic neccessites for their people such as: Lagos, Nigeria

These unsustainable areas face challenges like traffic congestion, pollution, strain on infrastructure. These factors lead settlements to have increased socio-economic disparities

Question 8

Economic Interdependence

Answer 8

Employment:

• Urban areas rely upon rural places for employees, particularly for jobs that require specialised skills
• But rural tourism industries can rely upon urban areas for education at university.

For example, secondary and tertiary education courses such as agricultural science and business management to up-skill rural populations and educate them upon how to run a viable buisness

Question 8

Environmental Interdependence - needs

Answer 8

Urban places rely on natural places to manage environments effectively ensure needs of growing populations are met

This include: clear air and water, flood and drought mitigation, soils and soil fertility, pollution mitigation, pest control, seed dispersal

Rural rely on research conducted by tertiary institutions located in urban areas e.g. to adapt to climate change such as the creation of genetically modified drought resistant crops

Question 8

Implications of urbanisation on world population growth in rural areas:

Population loss

Answer 8

Population loss:

In Remote regions of Australia like WA or SA, urbanisation leads to depopulation as residents move to major cities for better oppportunites:

Demographic - This leads to a much younger demographic in urban areas: main populous 20-49 year olds

This results in shrinking communities and challenges in maintaining local infrastructure and services

Decrease in birth rates:

In rural parts of TAS and NT, urbanistation correlates with lower birth rates due to factors like:

• increased education and employment opportunities in urban areas
• higher living costs in rural areas
• changing social norms

Which all lead populations to move from rural to urban places

Question 9

Urban Sprawl

Answer 9

refers to the outward spread of typically low density residential and urban development on the periphery of urban areas

In Australia, urban environments, such as capital cities, tends to occur in low density fashion, resulting in single-storey- deattacthed homes being built on the outer edges of the urban area

Particularly prevalent in Melbourne, Sydney and Perth, which is sprawling the fastest, which is spreading approx. 150 km along the coast and with the average resident roughly 21 KMs from CBD

Question 10

Invasion and Succession

Answer 10

refers to the gradual takeover of one land use type into and area dominated by a different land use in that particular zone

Succession - has occurred when the invading land use has almost COMPLETELY transformed the land use in that particular zone

For e.g. medical specialists, are carried out in buildings not originally designed for old houses

Question 11

Urban renewal

Answer 11

refers to larger, wholesale redevelopment projects which takes place in urban areas seen as in decline

Question 12

Renewal

Answer 12

The rehabilitation of urban areas by revegatation, replacement, repair or renovation (FOUR R’S) in accordance with comprehensive plans, typically large scale redevelopment projects, usually intiated by the government

Question 13

Land Use Planning

Answer 13

Planning policies and regulations that play an important role in shaping the land uses and charactersitics of urban and rural places

includes: land use zoning, transport planning, grouping of compatiable land uses, creation of buffer zones between incompatiable land uses

Question 14

Land Use Competition

Answer 14

The clashing between different land use functions: where more than one land use can benefit from a particular location.

This competition increases the land value and usually the land use that can deliver the highest ROI will locate in that area

For e.g. the centre of urban or rural area is usually the most accessible and therefore desirable and the most expensive

Question 15

Inertia

Answer 15

A process that acts to limit change within an urban or rural area

It relates to the resistance to movement; for example, factories that would benefit from changing location but instead decisions are made to keep them where they are located.

It occurs when a land use function has retained its original location despite the original benefits that attracted it no longer being present; usually due to high relocation costs

For e.g. St Johns Anglican Church (1844) located in Albany’s CBD. These buildings end up being surrounded by other land use functions which make more economic sense in terms of location

Question 16

Agglomeration

Answer 16

A group of similar but not neccessarily the same, land uses that locate in the same area in order to benefit from common infrastructure and each other’s operation

Helps to explain why retail, industrial, commercial, educational, medical, recreational, residential functions, tend to be found grouped together

For e.g. industrial functions grouped together in one location, comprising of industrial-based companies spearate from main residential areas

E.g. Kwinana in WA, where industrial gas suppliers, environmental consultants, blast furnance cleaners may be some of the same shared services

Question 16

Spatial Dist -Cultural Factor 1:

Rural urban drift

Answer 16

Has seen younger adult generations move from rural to urban areas due to attraction of employment/social opportunities which has led to significant depopulation in rural areas

In contrast, retirees often move to rural places and smaller coastal urban places, The desire for a quieter lifestyle, safer environment, better climate, more aesthetically pleasing location.

Situated South of Perth, Mandurah now has a population of over 97,000 people, while the greater Gold Coast-Tweed Heads region in South East Queensland has a population of over 718,000

Question 17

Spatial Dist. - Cultural Factor 2:

Multi-Culturalism and Immigration

Answer 17

Post WW2: Large-scale immigration from Europe post WW2, and later from Asia and the Middle East, contributed to the growth and cultural diversity of urban areas: Particularly in cities like Sydney and Melbourne

The establishment of ethnic communities and neigbourhoods within urban areas, such as Chinatown in Sydney or Little Italy in Melbourne, which have influenced urban spatial distribution and cultural landscape

Concentration of cultural institutions (e.g. museums, theartres) and festivals in urban areas has reinforced the attraction of growth of cities

Question 18

Spatial Dist. - Economic Factor 1:

Mining and resource extraction

Answer 18

The gold rushes in the 1850s led to the rapid growth of towns like Ballarat and Bendigo, contributing to Victoria’s population surge;

• From around 76,000 in 1851 to 540,000 by 1861

As of 2020, the mining industry contributes approx. 10% to Australia’s GDP and employs around 240,000 people directly

Major mining hubs include the Pilbara region in WA,

The export of iron ore, coal and gold is a significant contributor to Australia’s economy, with iron ore exports valued at AUD 102B in 2019=20

Question 19

Spatial Dist. - Economic Factor 2:

Agricultural Development

Answer 19

The Murray-Darling Basin in one of Australia;s most productive agricultural areas, accounting for about 40% of the nations agricultural output by value

Agriculture, forestry, and fishing sectors employ around 2.5% of the Australian workforce, approx. 318 000 people as of 2020, and contribute around 2% GDP

In 2019-20, the value of Australian Agriculture exports was around 48B AUD with key products including:

Beef, wheat, wool, highlighting the importance of rural agricultural hubs to the national economy

Question 22

Changing demographic:

Socioeconomic

Answer 22

Urban:
- Overall higher SE status
than rural places, capital cities have the highest incomes, reflecting higher of employment opportunities and more professional services with higher income

• Housing values higher in urban places, highest gap between rich and poor
• Higher number and proportion of people with tertiary education

Rural:
- Lower average incomes, higher proportion of retirees, smaller range of employment opportunities

EXCEPTION: mining areas, Salmon Gum, WA, highest average income locations in rural Australia

Mining communites: high proportion of trade qualifications

Question 23

Changing demographic:

Cultural

Answer 23

Urban:
- Capital cities - greates cultural mix, urban dwellers migrate to urban places

• Chain migration - more likely to move to a place where there are relatives
• Melbourne - largest pop. of Greek people outside Greece
• Perth - highest pop. of British, South African and Middle Eastern Cultures in AUS
• Sydney - highest proportion of Chinese and Lebanese

Rural:
- Attracts migrants with primary industry skills

• Riverina region NSW - agricultural production of citrus fruits and market gardens attracted Italian migrants
• Geraldton, WA - Vietnamese people fleeing the civil war 90.8 Vietnamese pop.

Question 24

Rural to Urban Drift

Answer 24

Refers to populations moving from rural to urban places

Could be because of: better opportunities, improved access to healthcare and education

Question 25

Spatial Dist. Factor Perth Environmental - Water Availability

Answer 25

Areas with high rainfall, such as the eastern seaboard and the southwest corner, are more densely populated due to reliable water resources essential for domestic, agricultural and industrial use. The Murray-Darling Basin, receiving an average rainfall of 530mm, supports extensive agricultural activites

Question 26

Spatial Dist. Factor Perth Historical - Intial Coast settlement/ Transportation

Answer 26

Intial coast settlement:

Early european settlement primarily established colonies along the coast, Sydney (1788) and Melbourne (1835) being key intial settlements

Transportation:

Development of ports and railways influenced the growth of urban centres and their connectio to rural areas, facilitatiing movement of goods and services

Intital settlers didnt have the facilities to travel far in land to establish colonies in rural areas

Question 27

Challenges affecting rural places: Transportation

Answer 27

Places outside major cities in Australia struggle to provide safe and reliable transport

Public transport: Not viable in many rural areas due to low population densities and being considerable distances from urban areas and major cities

• With limited transport options; heavy reliance on private vehicles
• Larger regional centres will have some public transport such as buses, but high-order transport services such as trains may not be available.
• It has been reported that approximately. 1.7% of rural Australians use public transport to travel to work compared to almost 20% in capital cities
• This leads to large economic costs to residents for fuel, car maintenance and an accelerated deterioration of the car itself as it has to travel long trips often

Question 28

Spatial Dist —> Urban & Rural Places