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A- Level Biology - Photosynthesis > Overview of Photosynthesis > Flashcards

Overview of Photosynthesis Flashcards

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1
Q

Why is photosynthesis so important to us as humans?

A

They produce the oxygen we breathe by releasing it from the water molecules

Photoautotrophic organisms carry out photosynthesis

Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and converted into chemical energy

Biological molecules stored in plants and algae may be consumed by hetertrophs

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2
Q

What does life depend on?

A

Continous transfers of energy

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3
Q

What does this energy that eneters the organism depend on?

A

The type of nutrition

In plants, energy in light is absorbed by chlorophyll and then transferred into chemical energy of the molecules formed during photosynthesis. These molecules are used by the plant to produce ATP during respiration

Non-photosynthetic organisms feed on the molecules produced by plants and then use them to make ATP during respiration

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4
Q

Where is the site of photosynthesis?

A

Leaf is the main photosynthetic structure in the eukaryotic plants

Chloroplasts are the cellular organelles within the leaf where photosynthesis takes place

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5
Q

Why are leaves adapted to bring and remove waste products?

A
  • Leave bring: (Raw materials of photosynthesis
    • Water
    • Carbon dioxide
    • Light
  • Leaves remove its products
    • Oxygen
    • Glucose
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6
Q

Why is it important that leaves have a large surface area?

A
  • Absorbs as much sunlight as possible
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7
Q

Why is it important with the arrangement of leaves on a plant?

A
  • Minimises overlapping and avoids the shadowing of one leaf by another
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8
Q

Why is it important that leaves are thin?

A
  • As most light is absorbed in the first few micrometres of the leaf
  • Keeps the diffusion distance for gases short
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9
Q

Why is it important a leaf has a transparent cuticle and an epidermis?

A

Let the light through to the photosynthetic mesophyll cells beneath

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10
Q

Why is it important that leaf has long, narrow upper mesophyll cells packed with chloroplasts?

A

They can collect sunlight

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11
Q

Why is it important that the leaves have numerous amount of stomata for gas exchange?

A
  • So that all mesophyll cells are only a short diffusion pathway from one
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12
Q

What do stomata open and close to?

A

In response to changes of light intensity

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13
Q

Why do leaves have many air spaces in the lower mesophyll layer?

A

Allow rapid diffusion in the gas phase of carbon dioxide and oxygen

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14
Q

Why do leaves have a network of xylem and phloem?

A

Brings water to the leaf cells - xylem

carries away the sugars produced during photosynthesis - phloem

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15
Q

What is the chemical equation of photosynthesis?

A

6CO2 + 6H2O -> (light) C6H12O6 + 6O2

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16
Q

What is the word equation for photosynthesis?

A

carbon dioxide + water -> glucose + oxygen

17
Q

What is the problem with the chemical/word equation for photosynthesis?

A

It is oversimplified

photosynthesis is a complex metabolic pathway involving many immediate reactions

it is a process of energy transferral in which some of the energy in light is conserved in the form of chemical bonds.

18
Q

Three main stages of photosynthesis simplified

Stage 1 - capturing of light energy

A

Capturing of light energy by chloroplasts pigments such as chlorophyll

19
Q

The three main stages of photosynthesis simplified

Stage 2 - the light-dependent reaction

A

the light-dependent reaction in which some of the light energy is absorbed is converted into chemical bonds.

During this process, electron flow is created by the effect of light on the chlorophyll, causing water to spilt (photolysis) into protons and electrons, and oxygen.

The products are reduced NADP, ATP and oxygen

20
Q

The three main stages of photosynthesis simplified

Stage 3 - the light-independent reaction

A

the light-independent reaction in which these protons (hydrogen ions) are used to produce sugars and other organic molecules

21
Q

Where does photosynthesis occur in eukaryotic plant cells organelles?

A

Chloroplasts

22
Q

What typically size is chloroplasts?

A

2 - 10 µm

However sometimes vary in shape and size

(usually disc shaped)

23
Q

Do chloroplasts have a double membrane?

A

Yes

24
Q

Structure of grana

A

There are stacks of 100 disc-like structures called thylakoids

this is where the light-dependent reaction of photosynthesis takes place.

Within the thylakoids is a photosynthetic pigment called chlorophyll

Some thylakoids have tubualr extensions that join up with thylkaloids in thr adjacent grana. These are called intergranular lamellae

25
Q

Structure of stroma

A
  • It is a fluid-filled matrix where the light-independent stage of photosynthesis takes place
  • Within the stroma are a number of other structures such as starch grains
26
Q

Diagram of chloroplast

A
27
Q

What is granum?

A

A stack of thylakoid discs

28
Q

What is plural of granum?

A

Grana (more than one stack)

29
Q

How does water move through plant?

A

They use the xylem - cohesion tension theory

Adhesion - attracted to the interior of the capillary

Cohesion - between the water molecules

Tension - pull through the transpiration stream

30
Q

Where do algae and plants carry most of their photosynthesis from?

A

In the ocean

31
Q

What is the chloroplast membrane?

A

Double membrane permeable to glucose, oxygen , carbon dioxide and someions

32
Q

Why is lipid droplet in a chloroplast?

A

Energy store made from sugars produced by photosynthesis

33
Q

Why are plants green?

A
  • packed full of chlorophyll pigment
  • absorb all the colours but reflect green
  • best colour for plant is black as it would absorb all light
34
Q

What does hydrogen transfer mean?

A

Electrons are transferred

35
Q

What is the process of adding phosphate to ATP

A

Phosphorylation

A- Level Biology - Photosynthesis (6 decks)

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