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Introduction to Pharmacy > Overview of Pharmacy as a Profession > Flashcards

Overview of Pharmacy as a Profession Flashcards

1
Q

What is pharmacy?

A

Profession concerned with the art and science of:

Preparing drugs from natural and synthetic sources and from suitable and convenient dosage forms

for administration for treatment and prevention of diseases both of man and of animals

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2
Q

Embraces the knowledge of the identification, selection, pharmacologic action, preservation, analysis, and standardization of drugs and medicine

A

Pharmacy

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3
Q

Origin of the word Pharmacy

A

Greek word - “Pharmakon” - drug or medicine

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4
Q

Who is a pharmacist?

A

The person considered the medication expert

They’re legally granted responsibility to handle drugs and to know all about those drugs

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5
Q

Five Historical Periods in Pharmacy

A

Ancient Through Early Modern Era
Empiric Era
Industrialization Era
Patient Care Era
Biotechnology and Genetic Engineering

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6
Q

Before the Dawn of History: Why people got sick before

A
  • Victim of Evil Forces
  • God’s Anger
  • Disease as a Punishment of God for a Sin
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7
Q

Before the Dawn of History: Use for treating ailments before

A
  • Supernatural
  • Natural Resources
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8
Q

Before the Dawn of History: Healer during the early days

A
  • Shaman
  • Priest
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9
Q

Pharmacy in Ancient Babylonia

A

Earliest Practice of the Art of Apothecary (drugstores)

Practitioners of healing were:
- Priest
- Pharmacist
- Physician
all in one

Medical Texts on CLAY TABLETS record first the symptoms of illness, the prescription and directions for compounding, then an invocation to the Gods’

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10
Q

2 Types of Care in Babylonia

A

Aspiu and Asu

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11
Q

Asipu

A

“Magical Healer”
Who rely on spells and magical stones

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12
Q

Asu

A

“Empirical Healer”
Make use of plant materials - drew from large collections of drugs and manipulated them into several dosage forms

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13
Q

Pharmacy in Ancient China

A

Shen Nung, an emperor who investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs

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14
Q

Shen Nung

A

An emperor who investigated the medicinal value of several hundred herbs

He tested many herbs on himself

Wrote the first Pen T-Sao/Native Herbal, with 350 different drugs

  • Medicinal plants included podophyllum, rhubarb, ginseng, stramonium, cinnamon bark, ephedra, ma huang, etc.
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15
Q

Pharmacy in Ancient Egypt

A

Discovered various dosage forms (Enemas, infusions, inhalations, lotions, etc)

Plant drugs such as acacia, onions, aloe, castor oil, opium, etc.

Papyrus Ebers (1500 B.C)

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16
Q

Papyrus Ebers (1500 B.C)

A

Best-Known and Most Important Pharmaceutical Record

Collection of 800 prescriptions, mentioning 700 drugs discovered by GEORG EBERS

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17
Q

Pharmacy in Ancient Greece

A

Asclepius (God of Healing)
Hygeia (Goddess of Health, Cleanliness, and Sanitation)

International Symbol of the Pharmacy Profession “BOWL OF HYGEIA”

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18
Q

Asclepius (God of Healing)

A

Believed to impact healing by touching one with his staff or serpent

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19
Q

Hygeia (Goddess of Health, Cleanliness, and Sanitation)

A

Also believed to have a healing potion

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20
Q

Hippocrates

A

Father of Medicine

Greek Physician

Introduction of Scientific Pharmacy and Medicine

Showed in his writing and practices the fundamental of the scientific method of research

Hippocratic Oath/Oath of Hippocrates - oath for Graduation in Medicine

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21
Q

Theophrastus

A

Father of Botany

Greek Philosopher and Natural Scientist

Deals with the medical qualities and peculiarities of herbs

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22
Q

Pedanios Dioscorides

A

Greek Physician and Botanist

Deals with botany as a applied science of pharmacy

Published DE MATERIA MEDICA or “On Medicinal Substances” in five volumes. The book has recorded what he observed promulgated excellent rules for collecting drugs, their storage, and use.

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23
Q

Mithridates Ⅳ

A

Royal Toxicologist

Made the art of poisoning (Preventing and Counteracting Poisoning)

He used himself as well as prisoners as “Guinea Pigs” on which to test poisons and antidotes.

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24
Q

Mithridate

A

One of the best known antidotes which is believed to be a universal antidote in ancient time

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25
Q

Galen

A

Experimenter in Drug Compounding

Practiced and Taught both Pharmacy and Medicine

Galenicals - Galen’s principles of preparing and compounding medicines associated with that class of pharmaceuticals compounded by mechanical means

Originator of the Formula for a COLD CREAM

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26
Q

Terra Sagillata (Sealed Earth)

A

Early Trademarked Drug

A clay tablet originating in the Mediterranean island of Lemnos before 500 B.C

One day each year clay was dug from a pit on a Lemnian hillside in the presence of governmental and religious dignitaries

The tablets were then distributed commercially

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27
Q

Damian and Cosmas

A

Patron Saints

Twinship of the Health Professions

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28
Q

Damian

A

The Apothecary

Patron Saint of Pharmacy

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29
Q

Cosmas

A

The physician

Patron Saint of Medicine

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30
Q

Monastic Pharmacy

A

Monks gathered herbs and raised them in their own herb gardens

They prepared according to the earth of the apothecary for the benefit of the sick and injured

Manuscripts from many islands were translated or copied for monastery libraries.

31
Q

Arabian Era

A

First Apothecary Shops

Arabs separated the arts of apothecary and physician

First privately owned drug stores

Developing with the aid of their natural resources syrups, confections, conserves, distilled, waters, and alcoholic liquids.

32
Q

Avicenna

A

Persian Galen

Persian, Ibn Sina

Pharmacist, poet, physician, philosopher, and diplomat

Gave contribution to the sciences of pharmacy and medicines through his pharmaceutical teaching

Book of Healing and The Canon of Medicine

33
Q

Separation of Pharmacy and Medicine

A

Sicily and Southern Italy - pharmacy was separated from Medicine

34
Q

Frederick Ⅱ of Hohenstaufen

A

Emperor of Germany as well as King of Sicily, Subjected Pharmacists with the First European Edict, known as MAGNA CARTA OF PHARMACY

35
Q

Who presented the edict Magna Carta of Pharmacy?

A

Frederick Ⅱ of Hohenstaufen

36
Q

Father of Modern Plant Chemistry

A

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

37
Q

Carl Wilhelm Scheele

A

Discovered oxygen, chlorine, prussic acid, tartaric acid, tungsten, molybdenum, glycerin, nitroglycerin, and countless, other organic compounds.

38
Q

Philippus Aureoluss Theoprastus Bombastus von Honhenhein

A

Paracelsus

Swiss Physician and chemist who influenced the transformation of pharmacy from a profession based primarily on Botanical Science to one based on Chemical Science

Important advocate of chemically prepared drugs from crude plant and mineral substances

39
Q

First Official Pharmacopoeia

A

The idea of pharmacopoeia originated in Florence

Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498

Result of collaboration of the GUILD OF APOTHECARIES AND THE MEDICAL SOCIETY - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive inter-professional relations

39
Q

First Official Pharmacopoeia

A

Idea of pharmacopoeia originated in Florencec

Nuovo Receptario, originally written in Italian, was published and became the legal standard for the city-state in 1498

Result of collaboration of the GUILD OF APOTHECARIES AND THE MEDICAL SOCIETY - one of the earliest manifestations of constructive inter-professional relations

40
Q

The Society of Apothecaries of London

A

Francis Bacon formed a separate company known as “Master, Wardens, and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London” in 1617

41
Q

Master, Wardens, and Society of the Art and Mystery of the Apothecaries of the City of London

A

First organization of pharmacists in the Anglo-Saxon world

42
Q

The Marshall Apothecary

A

Established by Christopher Marshall in Philadelphia in 1729

Pioneer Pharmaceutical Enterprise became a leading retail store, the nucleus of large-scale chemical manufacturing; a “practical” training school for pharmacists; an important supply depot during the Revolution during 96 years

Managed by Elizabeth Marshall later

43
Q

Who is America’s first woman pharmacist?

A

Elizabeth Marshall

44
Q

Who is John Winthrop?

A

Governor who healed the sick

Politician-physician and first governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony with board interests in chemistry, metallurgy, astronomy, botany, and Materia Medica

Developed “Sovereigne Remedy” he called “Rubila”

45
Q

When and where was Colonials America’s first hospital (Pennsylvania) established?

A

Philadephia in 1751

46
Q

When did the first Hospital Pharmacy begin?

A

1752

47
Q

Who was the first Hospital Pharmacist?

A

Jonathan Roberts

48
Q

Who was Jonathan Roberts’s successor that was a pharmacist then became a physician and advocated prescription writing and championed the independent practice of two professions’

A

John Morgan

49
Q

Andrew Craigie

A

America’s First Apothecary General

First to hold the rank of a commissioned Pharmaceutical officer in the American army

Bostonian apothecary

He procured, stored, manufactures, and distributed the Army’s drug requirements

Developed an early wholesaling and manufacturing business

50
Q

Who discovered opium’s narcotic principle, morphine? And recognized and proved the importance of a new class of organic substance: Alkaloids.

A

Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Serturner

51
Q

Pierre-Joseph Pelletier and Joseph-Beniarné Caventou

A

Isolated emetine from Ipecuanha in 1817

Strychine and Brucine from nux vomica

Quinine and Cinchonine from the cinchona barks

52
Q

Shakers

A

First U.S industry in medicinal herbs was in 1820

Gathered and cultivated ~200 varieties; dried, chopped, and pressed them into “Bricks”; wrapped, labeled, and sold them to pharmacists and physicians worldwide

Shaker label was recognized for RELIABILITY and QUALITY for more than a century

53
Q

The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy

A

Formed by the Pharmacists of Philadelphia

School of Pharmacy and a Self-Policing Board

68 pharmacists signed in the Constitution of the first pharmaceutical association in the US

54
Q

First President of The American Pharmaceutical Association

A

Daniel B. Smith

55
Q

First Secretary of The American Pharmaceutical Association

A

William Procter, Jr.

56
Q

Who is the Father of Pharmacy?

A

William Procter, Jr.

57
Q

The American Pharmaceutical Association

A

Leaniched by twelve delegates and opened memberships to “All Pharmacists and Druggists”

58
Q

William Procter, Jr.

A

Graduated from The Philadelphia College of Pharmacy in 1837

Leader in founding The American Pharmaceutical Association

59
Q

Dr. Albert B. Prescott

A

Launched the pharmacy course at the University of Michigan in 1868

Denied credentials and the Michigan course pioneered other major changes: laboratory pharmacy, a definite curriculum that included basic sciences, and a program that demanded students full time attention

60
Q

United Staes Pharmacopoeia (1820)

A

Work of the medical profession

First book of drug standards from a professional source to have achieved a nation’s acceptance

1877, U.S.P was in danger of dissolution due to the lack of interest of the medical profession

61
Q

Dr. Edward R. Squibb

A

Manufacturing pharmacists as well as physician took the problem to The American Pharmaceutical Association

62
Q

Who introduced Standardized “Liquor Ergotae Purificus” in 1879?

A

Park Davis & Company

63
Q

Park Davis & Company

A

Introduced Standardized “Liquor Ergotae Purificus” in 1879

Pioneered in developing pharmacologic and physiologic standards for pharmaceuticals

64
Q

Dr. Albert Brown Lyons

A

Park Davis & Company’s Chief Chemist, further developed methods of alkaloid assay

65
Q

Who was Park Davis & Company’s Chief Chemist, and who further developed methods of alkaloid assay?

A

Dr. Albert Brown Lyons

66
Q

In 1894, who announced the effectiveness of Diphtheria antitoxin?

A

Behring and Roux

67
Q

What is Diphtheria antitoxin?

A

First vaccine ever developed

68
Q

When did Parke-Davis receive the U.S. Biological No. 1?

A

1903

69
Q

What did Parke-Davis receive in 1903?

A

U.S. Biological No. 1

70
Q

New, improved biological products continued to become available climaxed in 1955 by what?

A

Poliomyelitis vaccine

71
Q

Stanislas Limousin

A

Pharmacal Inventor

Introduced:
- Medicine Dropper
- Systems of Coloring Poisons (such as corrosive sublimate
- Wafer cachets

Greatest contribution
- Apparatus for the inhalation and therapeutic administration of oxygen
- Glass ampoules that could be sealed and sterilized for preservation of solution for hypodermic use

72
Q

Ernest Francois Auguste Fourneau

A

research in the development of new chemical compounds specifically created to fight disease-causing organisms in the body

Headed chemical laboratories in the world-renowned Institut Pasteur, in Paris

Broke the Freman secret of a specific SLEEPING SICKNESS; paved the way for the LIFE-SAVING SULFONAMIDE compounds; first group of chemical having recognized ANTIHISTAMINIC properties

His work led other investigators to broad fields of CHEMOTHERAPEUTIC RESEARCH

Introduction to Pharmacy (5 decks)

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