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Organ Systems III > Overview of Neuroanatomy > Flashcards

Overview of Neuroanatomy Flashcards

0
Q

What does the neural plate form in the 4th week?

A

Neural tube

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1
Q

What differentiates into the neural plate?

A

Central part of the ectoderm.

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2
Q

The neural tube differentiates along dorsal/ventral axis by what two groth signaling factors?

A

Shh and BMP

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3
Q

Which neurulation involves columnarization of an existing epithelium, and then rolling or folding the epithelium?

A

Primary

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4
Q

Which neurulation is characterized by condensation of mesenchyme to form a rod, which then undergoes an epithelial transition to form the neural tube?

A

Secondary

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5
Q

The neural tube closes as a result of five seperate waves of closure rather than simple two-way zipper-like action during days 19-21. What is the order of closure locations?

A
  1. Brain stem and upper spinal cord
  2. Head (top)
  3. Face
  4. Neck
  5. Caudal region where the sacral part of the spinal cord fuses with the rest of the spinal cord
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6
Q

What needs to close for complete CNS formation?

A

Rostral and caudal neuropores

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7
Q

What condition is characterized by lack of skull and cerebrum formation with only a brain stem intact due to failure of wave 2 closure?

A

Anencephaly

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8
Q

What condition is characterized by incomplete formation of both the spinal cord and the overlying vertebrae which remain unfused and open due to incomplete closure of caudal neuropore at the junction of waves 1 and 5?

A

Spina bifida

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9
Q

What does the myelencephalon become?

A

Medulla

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10
Q

What does the metencephalon become?

A

Pons

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11
Q

What does the mesencephalon become?

A

Midbrain

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12
Q

What does the diencephalon become?

A

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

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13
Q

What does the telencephalon become?

A

Cerebral hemispheres

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14
Q

What anatomical feature ensures that optical axes are at right angles to vertebral column?

A

Cephalic flexure

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15
Q

What anatomical feature is located where areas of 4th ventricle and pons enlarge and is where the cerebellum is derived from edge of pons?

A

Pontine flexure

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16
Q

The dorsal root carries what type of nerve fibers?

A

Sensory

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17
Q

The ventral root carries what type of nerve fibers?

A

Motor

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18
Q

Grey matter of the spinal cord is broken down into functionally specific areas. What is name of the system that describers these areas?

A

Rexed’s lamina

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19
Q

Where are afferent axons that convey tactile, proprioceptive, pain and temperature sensations to neurons in lamina 2-4 and split and send branches rostrally and caudally?

A

Dorsal horn

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20
Q

Where are efferent motor neurons that project to muscle groups?

A

Ventral horn

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21
Q

What are spinal tracts within white matter formed by?

A

Axons of ascending and descending neurons

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22
Q

Which funiculus carries tactile, proprioceptive and visceral axons to brain stem?

A

Dorsal funiculus

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23
Q

What are the three tracts that make up the lateral funiculus?

A

Lateral corticospinal
Spinocerebellar
Anterolateral system

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24
Q

Which tract is the major descending motor tract from cortex?

A

Lateral corticospinal tract

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25
Q

Which tract carries tactile and proprioceptive information to cerebellum?

A

Spinocerebellar tracts

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26
Q

What tract conveys pain and temperature to thalamus (where secondary neurons cross midline and ascend in white matter)?

A

Anterolateral tract

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27
Q

What tracts make up the ventral funiculus?

A

Ventral corticospinal
Vestibulospinal
Reticulospinal

28
Q

What tract conveys descending motor pathways from cortex?

A

Ventral corticospinal

29
Q

Which tract conveys descending motor pathways from brain stem?

A

Vestibulocspinal and reticulospinal

30
Q

What tract surrounds grey matter and interconnects various spinal levels?

A

Propriospinal tract

31
Q

What are the three constituents of the brain stem?

A

Medulla, midbrain, pons

32
Q

What is an outgrowth of the pons that has large axon bundles (cerebellar peduncles) which interconnect it with the pons?

A

Cerebellum

33
Q

What structure has cranial nerves, conveys sensory and motor pathways, is the location of reticular formation and regulatory centers?

A

Brain stem

34
Q

Where are the regulatory centers for respiratory, cardiovascular, and GI systems among others?

A

Medulla and Pons

35
Q

Where does regulation of muscle coordination, motor planning and procedural memory, as well as balance and eye movement take place?

A

Cerebellum

36
Q

What is the function of cerebral peduncles?

A

Sensory and motor pathways to and from the cortex

37
Q

What is the role of substantia nigra in the midbrain nuclei?

A

Dopamine modulation of motor control

38
Q

Where are the cerebral puduncles?

A

Midbrain

39
Q

What is the role of periaqueductal grey (PAG)?

A

Regulates pain and stress responses

40
Q

What is the role of superior and inferior colliculi?

A

Superior looks, inferior listens

41
Q

What contains several nuclei that process and distribute sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex?

A

Thalamus

42
Q

What is responsible for autonomic and hormonal regulation (stereotypic behaviors)?

A

Hypothalamus

43
Q

What contains the pineal gland?

A

Epithalamus

44
Q

What is the anterior pituitary derived from?
Infundibular process?
Rathke’s pouch?

A

Ectoderm primordia
Hypothalamus
Primitive oral cavity

45
Q

How do hormones get from the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary?

A

Portal system of vessels

46
Q

When do hormone releasing cells prolifereate?

A

Late fetal period

47
Q

Neurosecretory neuronal axons extend where to release hormones into the blood stream?

A

Posterior pituitary

48
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains motor cortex: primary, premotor, supplementary, and Broca’s speech area?

A

Frontal lobe

49
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains somatosensory cortex: primary, secondary, association, Wernicke’s language area?

A

Parietal lobe

50
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains the auditory cortex: primary, secondary, association?

A

Temporal lobe

51
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains the visual cortex: primary, secondary, association?

A

Occipital lobe

52
Q

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains gustatory and visceral cortex within lateral sulcus?

A

Insula

53
Q

The central sulcus seperates what two structures of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal from parietal lobes

54
Q

The lateral fissure seperates what two structures of the cerebral cortex?

A

Frontal from temporal lobes

55
Q

Where are the nuclei of the reticular formation?

What do they receive?

A

Along the medial axis of brain stem

General sensory input

56
Q

The reticular formation neurons project where?

They are often characterized by use of what?

A

Cortex, limbic system, and spinal cord

Particular neurotransmitters

57
Q

What is the reticular activating system associated with?

A

Arousal, attention, motivation and wakefulness

58
Q

What are both striatum and globus pallidus embedded within?

A

Central white matter

59
Q

Where are substantia nigra and subthalamus located?

A

Midbrain

60
Q

What are the two main components, called striatum, of the basal ganglia?

A

Caudate nucleus and putamen

61
Q

What is a C-shaped cluster of structures that extends into the temporal lobe?

A

Limbic system

62
Q

What are the five structures of the limbic system?

A

Limbic cortex
Anterior and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei
Hippocampus
Amygdala
Ventral striatum (aka ventral basal ganglia) with includes nucleus accumbens

63
Q

What are the four parts of the limbic cortex?

A

Orbital and medial prefrontal
Cingulate
Parahippocampal

64
Q

Which structure of the limbic system arches into temporal lobe with lateral ventricle?

A

Hippocampus

65
Q

What feature of the limbic system curves medially in toward hypothalamus?

A

Fornix

66
Q

What interconnects cortical regions?

A

White matter axon bundles

67
Q

What interconnects left and right hemispheres?

A

Corpus collosum

68
Q

What interconnects local gyri?

A

Arcuate fibers

Organ Systems III (13 decks)

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