Overview of Neuroanatomy

Question 0

What does the neural plate form in the 4th week?

Answer 0

Neural tube

Question 1

What differentiates into the neural plate?

Answer 1

Central part of the ectoderm.

Question 2

The neural tube differentiates along dorsal/ventral axis by what two groth signaling factors?

Answer 2

Shh and BMP

Question 3

Which neurulation involves columnarization of an existing epithelium, and then rolling or folding the epithelium?

Answer 3

Primary

Question 4

Which neurulation is characterized by condensation of mesenchyme to form a rod, which then undergoes an epithelial transition to form the neural tube?

Answer 4

Secondary

Question 5

The neural tube closes as a result of five seperate waves of closure rather than simple two-way zipper-like action during days 19-21. What is the order of closure locations?

Answer 5

1. Brain stem and upper spinal cord
2. Head (top)
3. Face
4. Neck
5. Caudal region where the sacral part of the spinal cord fuses with the rest of the spinal cord

Question 6

What needs to close for complete CNS formation?

Answer 6

Rostral and caudal neuropores

Question 7

What condition is characterized by lack of skull and cerebrum formation with only a brain stem intact due to failure of wave 2 closure?

Answer 7

Anencephaly

Question 8

What condition is characterized by incomplete formation of both the spinal cord and the overlying vertebrae which remain unfused and open due to incomplete closure of caudal neuropore at the junction of waves 1 and 5?

Answer 8

Spina bifida

Question 9

What does the myelencephalon become?

Answer 9

Medulla

Question 10

What does the metencephalon become?

Answer 10

Pons

Question 11

What does the mesencephalon become?

Answer 11

Midbrain

Question 12

What does the diencephalon become?

Answer 12

Thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus

Question 13

What does the telencephalon become?

Answer 13

Cerebral hemispheres

Question 14

What anatomical feature ensures that optical axes are at right angles to vertebral column?

Answer 14

Cephalic flexure

Question 15

What anatomical feature is located where areas of 4th ventricle and pons enlarge and is where the cerebellum is derived from edge of pons?

Answer 15

Pontine flexure

Question 16

The dorsal root carries what type of nerve fibers?

Answer 16

Sensory

Question 17

The ventral root carries what type of nerve fibers?

Answer 17

Motor

Question 18

Grey matter of the spinal cord is broken down into functionally specific areas. What is name of the system that describers these areas?

Answer 18

Rexed’s lamina

Question 19

Where are afferent axons that convey tactile, proprioceptive, pain and temperature sensations to neurons in lamina 2-4 and split and send branches rostrally and caudally?

Answer 19

Dorsal horn

Question 20

Where are efferent motor neurons that project to muscle groups?

Answer 20

Ventral horn

Question 21

What are spinal tracts within white matter formed by?

Answer 21

Axons of ascending and descending neurons

Question 22

Which funiculus carries tactile, proprioceptive and visceral axons to brain stem?

Answer 22

Dorsal funiculus

Question 23

What are the three tracts that make up the lateral funiculus?

Answer 23

Lateral corticospinal
Spinocerebellar
Anterolateral system

Question 24

Which tract is the major descending motor tract from cortex?

Answer 24

Lateral corticospinal tract

Question 25

Which tract carries tactile and proprioceptive information to cerebellum?

Answer 25

Spinocerebellar tracts

Question 26

What tract conveys pain and temperature to thalamus (where secondary neurons cross midline and ascend in white matter)?

Answer 26

Anterolateral tract

Question 27

What tracts make up the ventral funiculus?

Answer 27

Ventral corticospinal Vestibulospinal Reticulospinal

Question 28

What tract conveys descending motor pathways from cortex?

Answer 28

Ventral corticospinal

Question 29

Which tract conveys descending motor pathways from brain stem?

Answer 29

Vestibulocspinal and reticulospinal

Question 30

What tract surrounds grey matter and interconnects various spinal levels?

Answer 30

Propriospinal tract

Question 31

What are the three constituents of the brain stem?

Answer 31

Medulla, midbrain, pons

Question 32

What is an outgrowth of the pons that has large axon bundles (cerebellar peduncles) which interconnect it with the pons?

Answer 32

Cerebellum

Question 33

What structure has cranial nerves, conveys sensory and motor pathways, is the location of reticular formation and regulatory centers?

Answer 33

Brain stem

Question 34

Where are the regulatory centers for respiratory, cardiovascular, and GI systems among others?

Answer 34

Medulla and Pons

Question 35

Where does regulation of muscle coordination, motor planning and procedural memory, as well as balance and eye movement take place?

Answer 35

Cerebellum

Question 36

What is the function of cerebral peduncles?

Answer 36

Sensory and motor pathways to and from the cortex

Question 37

What is the role of substantia nigra in the midbrain nuclei?

Answer 37

Dopamine modulation of motor control

Question 38

Where are the cerebral puduncles?

Answer 38

Midbrain

Question 39

What is the role of periaqueductal grey (PAG)?

Answer 39

Regulates pain and stress responses

Question 40

What is the role of superior and inferior colliculi?

Answer 40

Superior looks, inferior listens

Question 41

What contains several nuclei that process and distribute sensory and motor information to and from cerebral cortex?

Answer 41

Thalamus

Question 42

What is responsible for autonomic and hormonal regulation (stereotypic behaviors)?

Answer 42

Hypothalamus

Question 43

What contains the pineal gland?

Answer 43

Epithalamus

Question 44

What is the anterior pituitary derived from? Infundibular process? Rathke's pouch?

Answer 44

Ectoderm primordia Hypothalamus Primitive oral cavity

Question 45

How do hormones get from the hypothalamus into the anterior pituitary?

Answer 45

Portal system of vessels

Question 46

When do hormone releasing cells prolifereate?

Answer 46

Late fetal period

Question 47

Neurosecretory neuronal axons extend where to release hormones into the blood stream?

Answer 47

Posterior pituitary

Question 48

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains motor cortex: primary, premotor, supplementary, and Broca's speech area?

Answer 48

Frontal lobe

Question 49

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains somatosensory cortex: primary, secondary, association, Wernicke's language area?

Answer 49

Parietal lobe

Question 50

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains the auditory cortex: primary, secondary, association?

Answer 50

Temporal lobe

Question 51

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains the visual cortex: primary, secondary, association?

Answer 51

Occipital lobe

Question 52

Which part of the cerebral cortex contains gustatory and visceral cortex within lateral sulcus?

Answer 52

Insula

Question 53

The central sulcus seperates what two structures of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 53

Frontal from parietal lobes

Question 54

The lateral fissure seperates what two structures of the cerebral cortex?

Answer 54

Frontal from temporal lobes

Question 55

Where are the nuclei of the reticular formation? | What do they receive?

Answer 55

Along the medial axis of brain stem | General sensory input

Question 56

The reticular formation neurons project where? | They are often characterized by use of what?

Answer 56

Cortex, limbic system, and spinal cord | Particular neurotransmitters

Question 57

What is the reticular activating system associated with?

Answer 57

Arousal, attention, motivation and wakefulness

Question 58

What are both striatum and globus pallidus embedded within?

Answer 58

Central white matter

Question 59

Where are substantia nigra and subthalamus located?

Answer 59

Midbrain

Question 60

What are the two main components, called striatum, of the basal ganglia?

Answer 60

Caudate nucleus and putamen

Question 61

What is a C-shaped cluster of structures that extends into the temporal lobe?

Answer 61

Limbic system

Question 62

What are the five structures of the limbic system?

Answer 62

Limbic cortex Anterior and medial dorsal thalamic nuclei Hippocampus Amygdala Ventral striatum (aka ventral basal ganglia) with includes nucleus accumbens

Question 63

What are the four parts of the limbic cortex?

Answer 63

Orbital and medial prefrontal Cingulate Parahippocampal

Question 64

Which structure of the limbic system arches into temporal lobe with lateral ventricle?

Answer 64

Hippocampus

Question 65

What feature of the limbic system curves medially in toward hypothalamus?

Answer 65

Fornix

Question 66

What interconnects cortical regions?

Answer 66

White matter axon bundles

Question 67

What interconnects left and right hemispheres?

Answer 67

Corpus collosum

Question 68

What interconnects local gyri?

Answer 68

Arcuate fibers