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Organ Systems III > Limbic System Part 1 > Flashcards

Limbic System Part 1 Flashcards

0
Q

What are the 3 subcortical regions of the limbic system?

A

Hippocampus, amygdala, and ventral striatum nucleus acumbens

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1
Q

What are the 4 cortical regions of the limbic system?

A

Prefrontal, cingulate, insula, and parahippocampal gyrus

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2
Q

What is the reticular formation?

A

Several nuclei in the medulla, pons and midbrain, project to wide areas of the thalamus and cortex for alerting and wakefulness

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3
Q

Where does sensory input enter the reticular formation?

A

Raphe and lateral nuclei

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4
Q

Where is the Locus ceruleus?

A

Pons

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5
Q

Where do medial nuclei of the reticular formation project?

A

To the brain and spinal cord for general modulation

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6
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for working memory?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

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7
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for executive control functions (formulating, refining, and maintaining goals to regulate behavior and solve problems)?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

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8
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for determining the course of behavior based on various alternatives?

A

Lateral prefrontal cortex

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9
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for reward, motivation, and emotional decision making?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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10
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for reversal of stimulus - response learning?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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11
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for inhibiting inappropriate action and deferring immediate reward in favor of long term advantage?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex

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12
Q

What does the ventromedial cortex include?

A

Medial PFC and anterior cingulate cortex

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13
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for connections with the hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus accumbens, and hypothalamus that generate and regulate emotional responses, declarative memory, and habits?

A

Ventromedial cortex

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14
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for Incorporating emotional biasing into decision making processes?

A

Medial PFC (as part of ventromedial cortex)

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15
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for extinction of fear conditioning?

A

Medial PFC (as part of the ventromedial cortex)

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16
Q

In which part of the prefrontal cortex are emotions experienced and meaning bestowed upon our perceptions?

A

Medial PFC (as part of the ventromedial cortex)

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17
Q

Which area of the prefrontal cortex is responsible for choosing among complex actions?

A

Anterior cingulate (as part of the ventromedial cortex)

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18
Q

Which parts of the PFC regulate emotion?

A

Ventral and medial regions

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19
Q

Which parts of the PFC regulate thought and action?

A

Dorsal and lateral

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20
Q

(DMPFC, DLPFC, rlPFC, vmPFC) which area of the PFC is responsible for error monitoring and reality testing?

A

DMPFC

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21
Q

(DMPFC, DLPFC, rlPFC, vmPFC) which area of the PFC is responsible for top down guidance of attention and thought?

A

DLPFC

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22
Q

(DMPFC, DLPFC, rlPFC, vmPFC) which area of the PFC is responsible for inhibition of inappropriate actions with the striatum and hypothalamus?

A

rlPFC

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23
Q

(DMPFC, DLPFC, rlPFC, vmPFC) which area of the PFC is responsible for regulating emotion, with the amygdala?

A

vmPFC

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24
Q

PFC has direct and indirect connections to …… and thus can regulate its own catecholamine inputs.

A

Reticular nuclei

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25
Q

How many layers does the hippocampus have?

A

3

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26
Q

Where is the hippocampus?

A

In the medial temporal lobe, bulges into the lateral ventricle (subcortical)

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27
Q

What what 4 structures from the cortex project into the temporal lobe?

A

Sensory, association, cingulate, and PFC

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28
Q

What is the afferent pathway of the hippocampus from the cortex (sensory, association, cingulate, and PFC project into the temporal lobe)

A

Parahippocampal gyrus to entorhinal cortex to hippocampus and amygdala

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29
Q

Where does information go from the hippocampus? (efferents)

A

from the fornix, it goes to the hypothalamus for neuroendocrine response and the PFC, temporal, and parietal lobes to consolidate memory

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30
Q

From where does information come into the hippocampus? (afferents)

A

sensory, association, cingulate, and PFC

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31
Q

Where does norepinephrine go from the LC?

A

Extensive cortical regions

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32
Q

What is the function of NE?

A

attentional selectivity under stress

33
Q

Where is the ventral tegmentum?

A

midbrain

34
Q

From which reticular formation nuclei does dopamine originate?

A

Substancia nigra and ventral tegmentum

35
Q

What is the function of DA?

A

motivational behavior (PFC)

36
Q

Where does DA go from the ventral tegmentum and substancia nigra?

A

PFC and basal ganglia

37
Q

From which reticular formation nuclei does serotonin originate?

A

raphe nuclei

38
Q

Where is the raphe nuclei?

A

medulla

39
Q

What is the function of serotonin?

A

mood; sleep/wake cycle

40
Q

Where does Ach come from as it enters the hippocampus?

A

Septum (diagonal band of Broca)

41
Q

The fornix of the hippocampus carries contextually processed information to …

A

Hypothalamus (neuroendocrine response); prefrontal, temporal, and parietal cortex (consolidates memory in cortex)

42
Q

Which two brain structures are associated with declarative memory?

A

Hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

43
Q

The hippocampus and medial temporal lobe are associated with what type of memory?

A

Declarative memory

44
Q

Which structure is associated with the emotional type of procedural memory?

A

Amygdala

45
Q

What type of memory is the amygdala associated with?

A

Emotional type of procedural memory

46
Q

Which structure is associated with working memory?

A

Prefrontal cortex

47
Q

What type of memory is the prefrontal cortex associated with?

A

Working memory

48
Q

What two types of memory make up declarative memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

49
Q

What is the term for the type of memory for specific, autobiographical episodes or events and allows the mind to travel back into time?

A

Episodic memory

50
Q

Which type of memory is associated with auto-noetic consciousness?

A

Episodic memory

51
Q

Which structure consolidates episodic memories?

A

Hippocampus

52
Q

What happens to episodic memories after they are consolidated in the hippocampus?

A

Hippocampus projects them to other areas of cortex where they are encoded as semantic memory

53
Q

Where does serotonin go from the raphe nuclei?

A

extensive cortical regions

54
Q

From which reticular formation nuclei does acetyl choline originate?

A

septum, nucleus basalis, and diagonal band of Broca

55
Q

Where does Ach go from the septum, nucleus basalis, and diagonal band of Broca?

A

thalamus and extensive cortical regions

56
Q

What is the primary function of Ach?

A

Facilitate hippocampal and other cortical regions in memory and cognition.

57
Q

What are the three areas of the prefrontal cortex that are considered part of the limbic system?

A

Orbitofrontal cortex, lateral PFC, ventromedial cortex

58
Q

Which area of the PFC is primarily motor?

A

Lateral

59
Q

Which area of the PFC is the “animal”?

A

orbitofrontal

60
Q

Which area of the PFC works with the hippocampus, amygdala, nucleus acumbens, and hypothalamus to regulate and generate emotional responses, declarative memory, and habits?

A

Ventromedial

61
Q

Which part of the PFC is associated with emotions?

A

ventral and medial

62
Q

Which part of the PFC is associated with thought and action?

A

lateral and dorsal

63
Q

what are the two types of long term memory?

A

Declarative and procedural

64
Q

What are the two types of declarative memory?

A

Episodic and semantic

65
Q

Which brain structure is related to the procedural emotional response memory?

A

amygdala

66
Q

Which structures of the brain area associated with declarative memory?

A

hippocampus and medial temporal lobe

67
Q

Which area of the brain is associated with working memory?

A

PFC

68
Q

(semantic or episodic) non contextual

A

semantic

69
Q

(semantic or episodic) facts

A

semantic

70
Q

(semantic or episodic) extends into precuneus

A

semantic

71
Q

(semantic or episodic) noetic consciousness

A

semantic

72
Q

(semantic or episodic) events and time and place

A

episodic

73
Q

(semantic or episodic) auto-noetic

A

episodic

74
Q

(semantic or episodic) interconnections between the hippocampus and PFC

A

episodic

75
Q

Which areas of the brain are associated with retrieval of autobiographical memory?

A

Middle/inferior temporal gyri, medial PFC, inferior parietal lobe

76
Q

Where is semantic memory consolidated?

A

ventrolateral, ventromedial PFC, anerolateral temporal, junction between occipital, temporal, and posterior regions in medial and lateral parietal, extends to the precuneus

77
Q

Which structure of the brain connects to the visual cortex to give an impression of what a memory looked like?

A

precuneus

78
Q

What are the 2 main reasons for sleep?

A

Synaptic repair, consolidate memory

79
Q

How long are the cycles of REM/SW?

A

90 minutes

80
Q

What is the first half of sleep dominated by?

A

SWS

81
Q

What is the second half of sleep dominated by?

A

REM

Organ Systems III (13 decks)

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