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Human Anatomy Exam #3 > Overview of LEs > Flashcards

Overview of LEs Flashcards

1
Q

What three parts compose the knee joint? What type of joint is the knee? What are the four actions of the knee joint?

A

Knee join includes the femoral condyles (2), patella and tibial condyles (2) - it is a hinge joint
- Actions: flexion, extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation of knee

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2
Q

What three parts compose the ankle joint? What are the two actions of this joint?

A

Ankle joint includes the talus, distal tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula
- Actions: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of ankle

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3
Q

What two parts compose the subtalar joint? What are the two actions of this joint?

A

Subtalar joint includes the talus and calcaneus

- Actions: inversion and eversion of ankle

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4
Q

What are the four actions of the MTP joints?

A

Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction of foot

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5
Q

What are the two actions of the IP joints?

A

Flexion and extension of PIPs or DIPs

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6
Q

What are the names of the deep fascia of the thighs and legs?

A

Thigh: Fascia lata
Leg: Crural fascia

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7
Q

What are two important landmarks of the fascia lata?

A
  • Saphenous opening

- IT band (thickening of fascia lata)

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8
Q

What area of the lower extremity does the Great Saphenous v. run? What does it drain into?

A

Great Saphenous vein runs medially up the lower extremity (through the saphenous opening) and drains into the Common Femoral v.

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9
Q

What area of the lower extremity does the Small Saphenous v. run? What does it drain into?

A

Small Saphenous vein runs posteriorly up the leg until the popliteal fossa where it drains into the Popliteal v.

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10
Q

What area of the lower extremity does the Deep Vein of the Thigh run? What does it drain into?

A

Deep Vein of the Thigh comes from the lateral thigh and drains into the Femoral v.

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11
Q

What is the Musculovenous Pump?

A

Deep veins have one-way valves that only allow for upwards and inwards flow

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12
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage path for the superficial inguinal nodes?

A

Superficial inguinal nodes > External Iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern

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13
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage path for the gluteal nodes?

A

Gluteal nodes > Internal Iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern

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14
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage path for the popliteal nodes?

A

Popliteal nodes > External iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern

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15
Q

What is the lymphatic drainage path for the deep inguinal nodes?

A

Deep inguinal nodes > External iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern

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16
Q

What three muscles compose the Hamstring?

A
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranous
  • Biceps Femoris, long head
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17
Q

What does a Hamstring avulsion entail? What are common symptoms? What is the recommended treatment?

A

Hamstring avulsion: hamstring detaches from its origin on the ischial tuberosity

  • Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising of posterior leg
  • Treatment: surgical repair
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18
Q

What three muscles compose the Pes Anserinus?

A
  • Semitendinosus
  • Gracilis
  • Sartorius
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19
Q

What three muscles make up the medial border of the Popliteal Fossa? What three muscles make up the lateral border of the Popliteal Fossa?

A

Medial border:

  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranous
  • Gastrocnemius medialis

Lateral border:

  • Biceps femoris, long head
  • Biceps femoris, short head
  • Gastrocnemius lateralis
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20
Q

What four structures runs through the Popliteal Fossa?

A
  • Popliteal a.
  • Popliteal v.
  • Tibial n.
  • Common fibular n.
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21
Q

What are the three types of knee alignment?

A
  • Normal: equal distribution of femoral condyles on tibial condyles
  • Genu varum: increased contact stress on medial epicondyles (bow-legged)
  • Genu valgum: increased contact stress on lateral epicondyles (knock kneed)
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22
Q

What are the two functions of the medial and lateral menisci? What are the menisci made up of?

A

Menisci are fibrocartilage

  • Shock absorption
  • Enhance joint stability
23
Q

Which meniscus and ligament are attached in the knee joint? Why is this significant?

A

Medial Meniscus and Medial Collateral Ligament are attached (susceptible to injury together)

24
Q

What are the two ligaments found medially in the knee joint? What are each of their functions (1 each)?

A
  • Anterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents hyperextension

- Posterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents hyperflexion

25
Q

What happens with the “Unhappy Triad” and what three structures does it involve?

A

Tear of the ACL, MCL and Medial meniscus caused by the knee bending laterally (think football)

26
Q

What are the four muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Semitendinosus
  • Semimembranous
  • Biceps femoris, long head
  • Biceps femoris, short head
27
Q

What are the seven muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Rectus Femoris
  • Vastus Lateralis
  • Vastus Intermedius
  • Vastus Medialis
  • Iliopsoas
  • Sartorius
  • Pectineus
28
Q

What are the five muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?

A
  • Adductor Longus
  • Adductor Brevis
  • Adductor Magnus
  • Gracilis
  • Obturator Externus
29
Q

What three structures create the borders for the Femoral Triangle? What two muscles create the “floor” of the Femoral Triangle?

A
  • Inguinal ligament
  • Adductor Longus
  • Sartorius

“Floor” composed of Iliopsoas and Pectineus

30
Q

What four structures are found in the Femoral Triangle and in what order?

A

NAVL (lateral to medial)

  • Femoral n.
  • Femoral a.
  • Femoral v.
  • Lymphatics
31
Q

Through what muscle does the Adductor Hiatus present? What two vessels run through this and what do the vessels become after exiting?

A

Adductor Hiatus is an opening in the Adductor Magnus

- Femoral a./v. goes through it and become the Popliteal a./v. after exiting

32
Q

What is the Adductor Canal and what runs through it?

A

Saphenous n. and Femoral a./v. goes through it (Femoral a./v. exit at the Adductor Hiatus and become Popliteal a./v., but Saphenous n. continues)

33
Q

What muscles does the Deep Artery of the Thigh run deep to?

A

Adductor Longus

34
Q

What two muscles make up the Triceps Surae?

A
  • Gastrocnemius (x2, lateral and medial heads)

- Soleus

35
Q

What are the five structures that are found in the Tarsal Tunnel?

A

Tarsal Tunnel: “Tom, Dick ANd Harry”

  • Tibialis Posterior
  • Flexor Digitorum Longus
  • Posterior Tibial a.
  • Tibial n.
  • Flexor Hallucis Longus
36
Q

What are the four ligaments that make up the Medial Collateral Ligament of the ankle? What is another name for the Medial Collateral Ligament?

A

Medial Collateral Ligament = Deltoid Ligament

  • Anterior tibiotalar
  • Posterior tibiotalar
  • Tibocalcaneal
  • Tibonavicular
37
Q

What are the three ligaments that make up the Lateral Collateral Ligament of the ankle?

A
  • Anterior talofibular
  • Posterior talofibular
  • Calcaneofibular
38
Q

What muscle is affected by shin splints?

A

Tibialis Anterior

39
Q

What are the three muscles of the posterior DEEP compartment of the leg?

A
  • Gastrocnemius
  • Soleus
  • Plantaris
40
Q

What are the four muscles of the posterior SUPERFICIAL compartment of the leg?

A
  • Popliteus
  • Flexor Digitorum Longus
  • Flexor Hallucis Longus
  • Tibialis Posterior
41
Q

What are the four muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?

A
  • Tibialis Anterior
  • Extensor Digitorum Longus
  • Extensor Hallucis Longus
  • Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
42
Q

What are the two muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?

A
  • Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus

- Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis

43
Q

What two nerves does the Common Fibular n. give rise to, and what compartments do they innervate (2, 1)? Where is the most common site of injury of the Common Fibular n.?

A
  • Deep fibular n. (anterior compartment of leg, dorsal foot)
  • Superficial fibular n. (lateral compartment of leg)

Commonly injured at the point where it wraps around the fibular neck

44
Q

What are the two sublayers of the superficial fascia of the plantar foot? What is the function of each?

A
  • Fibrous septa (improves grip)

- Fat-filled areas (shock absorption with heel strike)

45
Q

What are two other names for the deep fascia of the plantar foot? What are its two functions?

A

Deep fascia = plantar fascia = plantar aponeurosis

- Provides protection and maintains arches

46
Q

What are the three arches of the foot?

A
  • Medial longitudinal arch
  • Lateral longitudinal arch
  • Transversals arch
47
Q

What are the three ligaments of the plantar foot? What is their joint function?

A
  • Long plantar ligament
  • Short plantar ligament (plantar calcaneoncuboid)
  • Spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular)
    All three maintain the arches of the foot
48
Q

What are the three muscles found in the first layer of the plantar foot (most superficial)?

A
  • Adductor Hallucis
  • Flexor Digitorum Brevis
  • Adductor Digiti Minimi
49
Q

What muscle of the plantar foot splits to allow for the tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus to run between? What does it insert onto?

A

Flexor Digitorum Brevis splits and inserts onto the middle phalanges

50
Q

What are the four muscles found in the second layer of the plantar foot?

A
  • Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus
  • Tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus
  • Quadratus Plantae
  • Lumbricals
51
Q

What runs deep to the tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus?

A

Tendon of Flexor Hallicus Longus

52
Q

What is the action of the Lumbricals?

A
  • Flex MTPs of digits 2-5

- Extend PIPs and DIPs of digits 2-5

53
Q

What are the three muscles found in the third layer of the plantar foot?

A
  • Flexor Hallucis Brevis
  • Adductor Hallucis (transverse head, oblique head)
  • Flexor Digiti Minimi
54
Q

What two muscle groups are found in the fourth layer of the plantar foot (most deep)? What are their individual actions?

A
  • Palmar interossei (3): adduct digits 3-5 at MTPs

- Dorsal interossei (4): abduct digits 2-4 at MTPs

Human Anatomy Exam #3 (7 decks)

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