Overview of LEs Flashcards
What three parts compose the knee joint? What type of joint is the knee? What are the four actions of the knee joint?
Knee join includes the femoral condyles (2), patella and tibial condyles (2) - it is a hinge joint
- Actions: flexion, extension, medial rotation, lateral rotation of knee
What three parts compose the ankle joint? What are the two actions of this joint?
Ankle joint includes the talus, distal tibia and lateral malleolus of fibula
- Actions: dorsiflexion and plantar flexion of ankle
What two parts compose the subtalar joint? What are the two actions of this joint?
Subtalar joint includes the talus and calcaneus
- Actions: inversion and eversion of ankle
What are the four actions of the MTP joints?
Flexion, extension, abduction and adduction of foot
What are the two actions of the IP joints?
Flexion and extension of PIPs or DIPs
What are the names of the deep fascia of the thighs and legs?
Thigh: Fascia lata
Leg: Crural fascia
What are two important landmarks of the fascia lata?
- Saphenous opening
- IT band (thickening of fascia lata)
What area of the lower extremity does the Great Saphenous v. run? What does it drain into?
Great Saphenous vein runs medially up the lower extremity (through the saphenous opening) and drains into the Common Femoral v.
What area of the lower extremity does the Small Saphenous v. run? What does it drain into?
Small Saphenous vein runs posteriorly up the leg until the popliteal fossa where it drains into the Popliteal v.
What area of the lower extremity does the Deep Vein of the Thigh run? What does it drain into?
Deep Vein of the Thigh comes from the lateral thigh and drains into the Femoral v.
What is the Musculovenous Pump?
Deep veins have one-way valves that only allow for upwards and inwards flow
What is the lymphatic drainage path for the superficial inguinal nodes?
Superficial inguinal nodes > External Iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern
What is the lymphatic drainage path for the gluteal nodes?
Gluteal nodes > Internal Iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern
What is the lymphatic drainage path for the popliteal nodes?
Popliteal nodes > External iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern
What is the lymphatic drainage path for the deep inguinal nodes?
Deep inguinal nodes > External iliac nodes > Common iliac nodes > Lumbar nodes > Chyle cistern
What three muscles compose the Hamstring?
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranous
- Biceps Femoris, long head
What does a Hamstring avulsion entail? What are common symptoms? What is the recommended treatment?
Hamstring avulsion: hamstring detaches from its origin on the ischial tuberosity
- Symptoms: pain, swelling, bruising of posterior leg
- Treatment: surgical repair
What three muscles compose the Pes Anserinus?
- Semitendinosus
- Gracilis
- Sartorius
What three muscles make up the medial border of the Popliteal Fossa? What three muscles make up the lateral border of the Popliteal Fossa?
Medial border:
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranous
- Gastrocnemius medialis
Lateral border:
- Biceps femoris, long head
- Biceps femoris, short head
- Gastrocnemius lateralis
What four structures runs through the Popliteal Fossa?
- Popliteal a.
- Popliteal v.
- Tibial n.
- Common fibular n.
What are the three types of knee alignment?
- Normal: equal distribution of femoral condyles on tibial condyles
- Genu varum: increased contact stress on medial epicondyles (bow-legged)
- Genu valgum: increased contact stress on lateral epicondyles (knock kneed)
What are the two functions of the medial and lateral menisci? What are the menisci made up of?
Menisci are fibrocartilage
- Shock absorption
- Enhance joint stability
Which meniscus and ligament are attached in the knee joint? Why is this significant?
Medial Meniscus and Medial Collateral Ligament are attached (susceptible to injury together)
What are the two ligaments found medially in the knee joint? What are each of their functions (1 each)?
- Anterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents hyperextension
- Posterior Cruciate Ligament: prevents hyperflexion
What happens with the “Unhappy Triad” and what three structures does it involve?
Tear of the ACL, MCL and Medial meniscus caused by the knee bending laterally (think football)
What are the four muscles of the posterior compartment of the thigh?
- Semitendinosus
- Semimembranous
- Biceps femoris, long head
- Biceps femoris, short head
What are the seven muscles of the anterior compartment of the thigh?
- Rectus Femoris
- Vastus Lateralis
- Vastus Intermedius
- Vastus Medialis
- Iliopsoas
- Sartorius
- Pectineus
What are the five muscles of the medial compartment of the thigh?
- Adductor Longus
- Adductor Brevis
- Adductor Magnus
- Gracilis
- Obturator Externus
What three structures create the borders for the Femoral Triangle? What two muscles create the “floor” of the Femoral Triangle?
- Inguinal ligament
- Adductor Longus
- Sartorius
“Floor” composed of Iliopsoas and Pectineus
What four structures are found in the Femoral Triangle and in what order?
NAVL (lateral to medial)
- Femoral n.
- Femoral a.
- Femoral v.
- Lymphatics
Through what muscle does the Adductor Hiatus present? What two vessels run through this and what do the vessels become after exiting?
Adductor Hiatus is an opening in the Adductor Magnus
- Femoral a./v. goes through it and become the Popliteal a./v. after exiting
What is the Adductor Canal and what runs through it?
Saphenous n. and Femoral a./v. goes through it (Femoral a./v. exit at the Adductor Hiatus and become Popliteal a./v., but Saphenous n. continues)
What muscles does the Deep Artery of the Thigh run deep to?
Adductor Longus
What two muscles make up the Triceps Surae?
- Gastrocnemius (x2, lateral and medial heads)
- Soleus
What are the five structures that are found in the Tarsal Tunnel?
Tarsal Tunnel: “Tom, Dick ANd Harry”
- Tibialis Posterior
- Flexor Digitorum Longus
- Posterior Tibial a.
- Tibial n.
- Flexor Hallucis Longus
What are the four ligaments that make up the Medial Collateral Ligament of the ankle? What is another name for the Medial Collateral Ligament?
Medial Collateral Ligament = Deltoid Ligament
- Anterior tibiotalar
- Posterior tibiotalar
- Tibocalcaneal
- Tibonavicular
What are the three ligaments that make up the Lateral Collateral Ligament of the ankle?
- Anterior talofibular
- Posterior talofibular
- Calcaneofibular
What muscle is affected by shin splints?
Tibialis Anterior
What are the three muscles of the posterior DEEP compartment of the leg?
- Gastrocnemius
- Soleus
- Plantaris
What are the four muscles of the posterior SUPERFICIAL compartment of the leg?
- Popliteus
- Flexor Digitorum Longus
- Flexor Hallucis Longus
- Tibialis Posterior
What are the four muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg?
- Tibialis Anterior
- Extensor Digitorum Longus
- Extensor Hallucis Longus
- Fibularis (Peroneus) Tertius
What are the two muscles of the lateral compartment of the leg?
- Fibularis (Peroneus) Longus
- Fibularis (Peroneus) Brevis
What two nerves does the Common Fibular n. give rise to, and what compartments do they innervate (2, 1)? Where is the most common site of injury of the Common Fibular n.?
- Deep fibular n. (anterior compartment of leg, dorsal foot)
- Superficial fibular n. (lateral compartment of leg)
Commonly injured at the point where it wraps around the fibular neck
What are the two sublayers of the superficial fascia of the plantar foot? What is the function of each?
- Fibrous septa (improves grip)
- Fat-filled areas (shock absorption with heel strike)
What are two other names for the deep fascia of the plantar foot? What are its two functions?
Deep fascia = plantar fascia = plantar aponeurosis
- Provides protection and maintains arches
What are the three arches of the foot?
- Medial longitudinal arch
- Lateral longitudinal arch
- Transversals arch
What are the three ligaments of the plantar foot? What is their joint function?
- Long plantar ligament
- Short plantar ligament (plantar calcaneoncuboid)
- Spring ligament (plantar calcaneonavicular)
All three maintain the arches of the foot
What are the three muscles found in the first layer of the plantar foot (most superficial)?
- Adductor Hallucis
- Flexor Digitorum Brevis
- Adductor Digiti Minimi
What muscle of the plantar foot splits to allow for the tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus to run between? What does it insert onto?
Flexor Digitorum Brevis splits and inserts onto the middle phalanges
What are the four muscles found in the second layer of the plantar foot?
- Tendon of Flexor Hallucis Longus
- Tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus
- Quadratus Plantae
- Lumbricals
What runs deep to the tendon of Flexor Digitorum Longus?
Tendon of Flexor Hallicus Longus
What is the action of the Lumbricals?
- Flex MTPs of digits 2-5
- Extend PIPs and DIPs of digits 2-5
What are the three muscles found in the third layer of the plantar foot?
- Flexor Hallucis Brevis
- Adductor Hallucis (transverse head, oblique head)
- Flexor Digiti Minimi
What two muscle groups are found in the fourth layer of the plantar foot (most deep)? What are their individual actions?
- Palmar interossei (3): adduct digits 3-5 at MTPs
- Dorsal interossei (4): abduct digits 2-4 at MTPs
