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Patho Exam III > Overview of Infectious Process > Flashcards

Overview of Infectious Process Flashcards

1
Q

Causes of antibiotic resistance

A

-over prescribing -patients not taking as prescribed -poor infection control in hospitals and clinics -lack of rapid laboratory tests -unnecessary antibiotics used in agriculture

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2
Q

Common food and water borne illnesses

A

Cholera, salmonella, e. coli

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3
Q

What could put people at increased risk for malaria?

A

Increasing temperatures/global warming d/t increase in mosquitos

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4
Q

How many children die every DAY from measles, and when can you get vaccine?

A

300, and you can’t get a vaccine until around 1 yr, so this puts younger children at risk

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5
Q

Whether or not the interaction b/w a microbe and a host leads to disease

A

Pathogenicity

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6
Q

Microbe/host interaction: Symbiotic/mutualistic?

A

Benefit each other (microbiome)

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7
Q

Commensal microorganism:

A

live in the host without causing harm to the host (part of the microbiome of skin and mucous membranes)

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8
Q

Opportunistic microorganism:

A

commensal microorganisms that become pathogenic because of a change in the immune system of the host

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9
Q

Gut microbiome helps with…

A

produce enzymes that -facilitate digestion and use of complex molecules -produce antibacterial factors that prevent colonization by pathogenic microorganisms -produce vitamin K and B vitamins

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10
Q

The microbiome is both

A

commensal and symbiotic

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11
Q

The chain of infection includes: 3 main things

A

RMH - reservoir, mode of transmission, host (Road Map Highway) Reservoir where it can grow, mode of transmission so it can exit host and somehow get to another one, and host

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12
Q

Chain of infection

A

-pathogen capable of causing disease -reservoir for it to grow -portal of exit -mode of transmission -portal of entry -susceptible host

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13
Q

Chronic carriers

A

still capable of spreading the agent for months after recovery -hep B or Salmonella typhi -Typhoid Mary

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14
Q

Environmental reservoirs

A

-soil: Clostridium botulinum, Clostridium tetani (tetanus) -air: Legionella pneumophila (Legionnaires disease) -water: Vibrio cholerae (cholera)

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15
Q

Remember portal of exit can be

A

skin too

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16
Q

Modes of Transmission: Direct

A

skin to skin, kissing, sexual contact (gonorrhea, mono, herpes) or direct contact with contaminated environmental reservoir (soil or water, etc.) - Clostridium tetani, hookworm or droplet - direct spray of large droplets onto conjunctiva or mucous membranes of a susceptible host when an infected patient sneezes, talks, or coughs (pertussis and meningitis)

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17
Q

Modes of Transmission: Indirect

A

Airborne: carried on air current (measles, TB) Vehicle borne: food, water, blood, fomites Vector borne: Mosquitos, ticks

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18
Q

Carries microbes from one host to another can be ______ or ______

A

vector mechanical or biological biological: organism matures within the insect -mosquito: malaria, Zika, yellow fever, Dengue fever -Ticks: Lyme, Rocky Mountain spotted fever mechanical: insect simply carries organism -flies: carry Shigella on appendages -fleas: Yersinia pestis (Plague)

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19
Q

Portal of Entry Highlighted

A

-Often the same as the portal of exit: ex. influenza exits one host and enters another host via respiratory

-fecal-oral: exit via feces and enter via oral, carried on a fomite or in water

-skin: hookworm

-mucous membranes: syphilis, gonorrhea, chlamydia

-blood: HIV, hep B and C

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20
Q

Capability of Pathogen to Cause Disease - List of terms

A
  • communicability
  • infectivity
  • pathogenicity
  • virulence
  • immunogenicity
  • entry portal
  • mechanism of action
  • toxigenicity
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21
Q

Ability of pathogen to spread from person to person

What is considered NOT contagious?

A

Communicability

-High communicable/contagious: Hepatitis, STIs, Flu, Measles, Pertussis

Malaria is not considered contagious because it does not spread from human to human

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22
Q

Ability of a pathogen to invade and multiply in the host

A

Infectivity

Also it’s possible to be infected but not be sick (COVID)

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23
Q

Ability of the agent to produce disease

A

Pathogenicity

Some strains of e.coli are more pathogenic than other strains; however, measles, rubella, strep pyogenes, are always pathogenic

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24
Q

Relative capacity to cause disease or the degree of pathology caused by the invading pathogen

A

Virulence

A pathogen, such as influenza, might be highly virulent, causing fatal disease, or it might only cause mild illness depending on the strain

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25
Q

Ability of an organism to produce an immune response

A

Immunogenicity

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26
Q

How the pathogen causes damage to the host

A

mechanism of action (direct or through toxins, etc.)

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27
Q

Ability to produce toxins

A

Toxigenicity

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28
Q

What is the hallmark of an infection?

A

FEVER

  • elevation of thermal set point (hypothalamus) caused by either:
  • exogenous pyrogens (stimulate endogenous pyrogens)
  • endogenous pyrogens (pyrogenic cytokines)

*pyrogens can be produced by bacteria

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29
Q

Endemic, epidemic, pandemic

A
  • baseline level of disease in a population
  • outbreak of new infections, exceeeds the endemic level
  • worldwide epidemic
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30
Q

The classes of mircroorganisms

A

BPPVF

bacteria, protozoa, parasite, virus, fungi

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31
Q

Bacteria

single or multicellular?

membrane bound organelles?

Contains DNA or RNA?

Contains ______

Cell _____ and cell ______

No what?

Some have a third ____ called a _____

A

Single cell, no nuclei or membrane bound organelles, contains DNA, cell wall and cell membrane, contains ribosomes, no mitochrondria

Some have a 3rd membrane called a capsule “encapsulated”

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32
Q

Most bacteria can be classified into one of four groups by:

A
  • morphology/shape (cocci or rod)
  • gram staining (negative or postiive)
33
Q

Types of bacteria

A
  • true bacteria: cocci, bacilli (rod), vibrios, spirilla
  • filamentous: TB
  • Spirochetes: Treponema pallidum (syphilis), Borrelia burgdorferi (Lyme)
  • Mycoplasma: Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Rickettsia: Ricketsia rickettsi (Rocky mountain spotted fever)
  • Chlamydia: Chlamydia trachomatis
34
Q

Once the bacteria is isolated (cultured) it can be identified according to its…

A
  • patterns of growth: anaerobic, aerobic
  • patterns of hemolysis (strep species)
  • morphology (shape)
  • type of medium that it grows in
  • staining - cell wall type
35
Q
  • Thinner cell wall that does not take up the stain
  • Appear pink under microscope
  • N. meningitidis, H.influenza, E. coli
A

Gram Negative Bacteria

MEH ABX no work

36
Q
  • Thicker cell wall that takes up stain
  • Appears purple under microscope
  • Streptococcus and Staphlococcus
A
37
Q

-______ is the ability of bacteria to adhere to cells

how do they do this?

A
  • colonization
  • using pili (E.coli), and using adhesion molecules that bind host (MAMs - multivalent adhesion molecules)
38
Q

Biofilms often contain ______

A

multiple organisms

  • MDROs often biofilms
  • Biofilms ofteen found implanted and indwelling medical devices: catheters, heart valves, joints, pacemakers
  • Also found in dental plaque
39
Q

Phopholipidase

Protease

A

Enzyme production by bacteria

  • phospholipidase breaks down surface of phagosome before it binds to the lysosome so that the bacteria are released into the cytoplasm
  • protease: allow bacteria to penetrate through layers of tissue
  • DNAase
40
Q

Virulence factors of bacteria

A
  • capsules: evade phagocytosis
  • proteases: attack immunoglobulins
  • surface proteins: block binding of complement
  • resist lysis
  • coagulases: coats bacteria in fibrin, protecting it from phagocytosis
  • kinases: digest clot, allowing bacteria to invade (streptokinases)
  • antigenic variation: bacteria alter their surface proteins so that they are not recognized as pathogens
41
Q

Toxins produced by bacteria can be

A

endotoxins or exotoxins

42
Q

Endotoxins

  • produced by?
  • made up of
  • high levels can cause?
A
  • a toxin that is present inside a bacterial cell and is released when the cell disintegrates
  • produced by gram negative bacteria
  • lipopolysaccharide
  • triggers immune response
  • high levels of toxin can lead to drop in BP, and death
43
Q

Exotoxins

  • produced by what type of bacteria?
  • stable when?
  • how much can be fatal?
A
  • a toxin released by a living bacterial cell into its surroundings
  • produced by many types
  • stable when at high temperatures, so fever won’t work
  • very small amounts can be fatal, think botulinum toxin
44
Q

So endotoxins take ______ levels to be fatal, while exotoxins take ______ levels to be fatal

A

endotoxins high levels

exotoxins very small amounts can be fatal

45
Q

Three categories of exotoxins

A
  • intracellular targeting
  • membrane disrupting
  • superantigens
46
Q

Examples of intracellular targeting by exotoxins

A

tetanus and botulinum

47
Q

what does intracellular exotoxin botulinum do?

A
  • inhibits acetylcholine from neurons leading to paralysis
  • this causes flaccid paralysis: stops muscle contraction
48
Q

what does intracellular exotoxin tetanus do?

A
  • inhibits release of inhibitory neurotransmitters, causing muscle tetany
  • tetanus prevents release of glycine and GABA, which normally helps in relaxing muscles, so this causes muscle tetany = spastic paralysis
49
Q

What do exotoxin superantigens do?

A

They cause excessive activation of T cells leading to excessive release of cytokines

  • example Toxic shock syndrome: Staph aureus
  • Scarlet fever: Streptococcus pyogenes
50
Q

What does Staph aureus produce that makes it abx resistant?

A

-beta lactamase that destroys PCN

51
Q

Fungi

Prokaryotic or eukaryotic?

Have ______ and ______

What kind of cell wall?

Can form what?

A

Eukaryotic unlike bacteria that is prokaryotic

Have a nuclei and mitrochondria

Thick, rigid cell wall

Can form complex structures - single celled yeast to multi-celled molds (so single celled or multicellular)

52
Q

Opportunistic fungal infection that is normally commensal unless someone is immunocompromised

A

Oral Candidiasis

Can become systemic and cause severe infections in immunocompromised

53
Q
  • Colonization of skin and mucous membranes occurs (biome)
  • infections are opportunistic
  • inhalation can lead to pneumonia (also opportunistic) - Pneumocystis jiroveci
  • Systemic infections
A

Transmission and colonizatino of fungi

  • remember microbiome inclues fungi normally
  • Systemic infections: remember that inhalation of spores can lead to disseminated infection, also Candida can form biofilms
54
Q

Virulence factors of fungi

A
  • evasion of immunity by encapsulation to avoid detection by PRRs
  • change morphology in response to temperature changes and other signals (mold to yeast, yeast to hyphae)
  • damage to host by production of proteases and lipases
55
Q

Live on/in an organism and benefit from the organism while making the organism sick

A

Parasites

56
Q

Three main types of parasites

A
  • protozoa (malaria)
  • helminths (worms)
  • ectoparasites (lice, ticks, fleas)

(HEP)

57
Q

microscopic, one celled organisms

eukaryotic

able to live outside or inside the human body in cyst form

A

protozoa - cyst formation allows them to be protected from environmental conditions

58
Q

How are protozoa transmitted?

A
  • fecal oral
  • vector (mosquito) but could be others
59
Q

What is Plasmodium falciparum?

A

Malaria - a protozoa transmitted by vector (mosquito)

60
Q

What is Entamoeba histolytica and Giardia lambia

A

both protozoa that cause GI distress/diarrhea

remember flagella of Giardia is irritating to gut

61
Q

Large, multicellular organisms

Can live inside or outside of the body

A

Helminths (roundworms, flatworms)

62
Q

How are helminths transmitted?

A

fecal-oral; hookworm can be transmitted environmental reservoir: walking in contaminated water or soil

63
Q

Ticks, fleas, lice (on top of skin), mites (borrow into skin) - all of these cause pruritis

also can be vectors for bacterial, viral, or protozoan infections

A

parasite that lives on the outside of host

ectoparasites

64
Q

What is Pediculus humanas capitus?

How is it spread?

A

Head louse

spread by direct contact or fomites (clothes, combs, towels)

  • body louse is similar, but can be vector for other diseases
  • head lice are not known to spread disease
65
Q

What is Pthirus pubis?

A

Pubic louse

spread via sexual contact or fomites (bath towels, sheets)

66
Q

What is Sarcoptes scabiei?

How is it spread?

Where does rash occur?

How does it multiply?

A

Mites that cause scabies

Rash usually occurs in certain areas - b/w digits, wrists, elbows, back, butt, behind knees, and ankles

  • sometimes can be over entire body if pt is immunocompromised or in children
  • deposits eggs under skin, adn then they burrow and cycle continues
67
Q

Visuses have a ________ morphology

A virion is ______ a ______

All it is…

A

SIMPLE

NOT A CELL (no cell wall or membrane)

Is a nucleic acid protected by a protein shell (capsid)

68
Q

Viral Classification

A virus is either made up of ______ or ______

______ or ______ strand

Whether it uses enzyme _________ for ________

What is its ________

A

RNA or DNA

Single strand or double strand

Reverse transcriptase (RT) for replication

What is its “sense”

*cell is not necessarily killed in viral making process - can be released without being killed (Influenza)

69
Q

Defense system against viruses

What part of innate immune system?

What part of adaptive immune system?

A

Innate: Interferon and TNF-alpha prevent viral replication

Adaptive: CD-8 cells destroy virus invaded cells, B cell antibodies prevent virus from entering cell

*remember viruses are capable of suppressing and evading the immune system

70
Q

Mechanism of Damage by Viruses

A
  • cell lysis and necrosis = inflammation
  • apoptosis = not inflammatory
  • fusion of adjacent cells (multinucleated giant cells)
  • cell proliferation (HPV)
  • Transformation into cancer cells
  • alteration of antigenic properties: immune system attacks normal cells
71
Q

Immunotherapy - active

What is the most effective?

A

-Contracting and surviving a disease is most effective

-Active immunization: activate immunologic protection before encountering pathogen, does not last as long as infection-produced immunity so you NEED BOOSTERS

72
Q

Immunotherapy against Bacterial Infections

-what two types of bacteria tend to encapsulate?

A
  • toxoid - vaccine that prevents the inflammatory reactions that occur from a bacterial toxin
  • use of heat or chemicals to inactivate the toxin (tetanus and diptheria)
  • subunit: piece of pathogen
  • isolate the antigen
  • conjugated - strong + weak antigen
  • piece of bacteria linked to carrier protein (Hib)
  • extracted capsular polysaccharides
  • antigens from capsule of encapsulated bacteria (Pneumococcal, miningococcal)
73
Q
A
74
Q

Immunotherapy:VIRAL

these are the attenuated, inactivated ones

A

…

75
Q

What is an attenuated vaccine?

Examples?

Risks?

Use to create and that’s why we ask…

When can you give these vaccines to babies?

A

Weakened live virus

  • MMR, Varicella, Oral polio, rotavirus, shingles, yellow fever, influenza nasal spray
  • Attenuated virus can cause life threatening infection in people with immune deficiency!

Use chick embryos so ask about egg allergy

Since babies have underdeveloped immune systems you can’t give them these vaccines until 12-15 months

76
Q

Inactivated viral vaccine

  • how is it done?
  • how long does protection last?
A

Killed virus

  • use heat or chemcials to destroy its ability to replicate but keeps antigens intact so that immune system can recognize it and form antibodiese against the antigen
  • shorter length of protection than live
  • examples are Hep A, Polio, Influenza
77
Q

Herd immunity goal is ______ of population vaccinated

A

85%

78
Q

Passive Immunotherapy

A

Human immunoglobin: pre-formed antibodies; given after an exposure (Hepatitis and Rabies) or given prior to exposure (Hep A) if traveling

Patho Exam III (5 decks)

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