Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Immuno and Sero > Overview of Immuno > Flashcards

Overview of Immuno Flashcards

1
Q

400 BC:

A

Plague in Athens; Thucydides recorded immune status to infected individuals who recovered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Immune status

A

persons who previously got infected, developed immunity, and did not get infected after they recovered

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

A disease that affected the humans and other mammals during the earliest times

A

plague

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions

A

100 AD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

They are like blisters which dried up and became crust

A

Smallpox lesions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Powdered smallpox “crusts” were inserted with a pin into the skin (inoculation/vaccination)

A

15th century

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

“Father of Immunology”

A

Louis Pasteur

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

1798

A

Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccine (inoculation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

1862

A

Haeckel - phagocytosis (cell eating)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

1880-1881

A

Louis Pasteur - live attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

1883-1905

A

Elie Metchnikoff - Cellular Theory of Immunity through Phagocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

1885

A

Pasteur - therapeutic vaccine (for rabies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

1890

A

Von Behring and Kitasata - Humoral Theory of Immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

1891

A

Koch - demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (allergies)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

1900

A

Ehrlich - Antibody formation theory

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Other name of antibody

A

Immunoglobulin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Types of IgG

A

IgG G, A, M, D, E

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

1902

A

Portier and Richet - Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

1903

A

Arthus - Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

1938

A

Marrack - hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

1944

A

Hypothesis of Allograft Rejection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

A type of transplant where the donors are of the same species

A

Allograft

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

1949

A

Salk and Sabin - discovery and development of Polio vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

1951

A

Reed - vaccine against yellow fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

A type of fever caused by a virus and spread by a mosquito

A

Yellow fever

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

1953

A

Graft versus Host reaction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

1957

A

Burnet - Clonal Selection theory (all about lymphocytes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

1957

A

discovery of interferon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

A type of protein for the natural defense of the body, when it is activated it can neutralize viruses, sometimes it raises our body temperature when we have infections

A

interferon

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

1958-1962

A

Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

1964-1968

A

T-cell and B-cell cooperation in immune response

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

1972

A

identification of antibody molecule (the structure)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

1975

A

Kohler - first monoclonal antibodies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

1985-1987

A

identification of genes for t-cell receptor

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

1986

A

monoclonal Hepatitis B vaccine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

cells that recognize the antigens of the body

A

T-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Types of T-cells

A

t-helper cells
t-suppressor cells
t-cytotoxic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

they either transform into memory cells or they become plasma cells

A

B-cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

synthesize antibodies

A

Plasma cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

1986

A

Mosmann - Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cell function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

1996-1998

A

Identification of toll-like receptors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

2001

A

FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

the gene directing regulatory T cell development

A

FOXP3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

2005

A

Frazer - Development of human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

the vaccine intended to prevent cervical cancer for women

A

human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

a very specific protein against antigen

A

Antibody

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

food allergies, allergies from pollen and dust

A

Hypersensitivity type 1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

most dangerous, delayed, can be fatal as it leads to anaphylaxis

A

Hypersensitivity type 4

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

Study of the immune system

A

Immunology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease

A

Immunology

51
Q

Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease

A

Immunology

52
Q

Roles of the Immune System:

A

Defending the body against infections
Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
Defending the body against the development of tumors

53
Q

Cells of the Immune System

A

Lymphocytes
Specialized cells
Effector cells

54
Q

Elimination of antigens - eliminate microbes, they make the judgement

A

Effector cells

55
Q

Capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes - like a justice system

A

Specialized cells

56
Q

a type of white blood cell that has specific recognition of antigens

A

Lymphocytes

57
Q

Function of Immunology

A

Recognition of self from non-self

58
Q

Desirable consequences of immunity:

A

Natural resistance
Recovery
Acquired resistance to infectious diseases

59
Q

a resistance to almost all antigens and bacteria in the body

A

Natural resistance

60
Q

once we become infected

A

Recovery

61
Q

the resistance we get after being infected

A

Acquired resistance to infectious diseases

62
Q

Undesirable consequences of immunity:

A

Allergy
Rejection of a transplanted organ
Autoimmune disorder

63
Q

instances that the immune system become overreactive to certain stimulus

A

Allergy

64
Q

our body sees it as non-self that is why our body will reject it, causing fever, chills, and other reactions

A

Rejection of a transplanted organ

65
Q

when the cells are attacking our own cells. It cannot recognize what is self and non-self. It becomes very overprotective that it protects you from your own self

A

Autoimmune disorder

66
Q

Cellular components of the Immune System:

A

Specific cellular elements
Nonspecific effector mechanisms

67
Q

Give the Specific cellular elements

A

lymphocytes

68
Q

Give the Nonspecific effector mechanisms

A

mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear
leukocytes, and soluble factors (e.g., complement)

69
Q

first barrier to infection and generally responds to all types of antigens

A

First Line of Defense, non-specific

70
Q

Unbroken skin is a non-specific defense because of:

A

Keratinization and Normal flora

71
Q

The good bacteria which naturally inhabits the skin and mucus membrane.
They are the first barrier to infection because they deter the penetration
of microorganisms.

A

Normal flora

72
Q

Trap the microorganisms and dust (ex. nose, nasopharynx), which will then be expelled through coughing, sneezing, or picking our nose

A

mucus

73
Q

Produced by the sebaceous glands which is present in almost all parts of the body except the thin skin like the palm of our hand and sole of our feet

A

sebum

74
Q

Trap the microorganisms and dust in the ears

A

Earwax (cerumen)

75
Q

They contain certain enzymes. Their pH is also important in killing some
microorganisms

A

Vaginal secretions

76
Q

Effective for flushing out microorganism, dust, and dirt in our ocular (eye) area

A

tears

77
Q

It also contains enzymes and chemicals which attack different microorganisms in the mouth

A

saliva

78
Q

what is the Second Line of Defense

A

Natural Immunity

79
Q

What immunity: inborn or innate resistance

A

Natural Immunity

80
Q

they are responsible for inflammation

A

Cellular Immunity (cells)

81
Q

Types of Cellular Immunity (cells)

A

Mast cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages

82
Q

what are the 3 phagocytic cells

A

Mast cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages

83
Q

dissolved soluble substances in the body

A

Humoral Immunity (secretions)

84
Q

Types of Humoral Immunity (secretions)

A

Complement
Lysozyme
Interferon

85
Q

set of proteins, major humoral immunity component in the natural immunity, it needs to be activated, and the result is cell lysis

A

Complement

86
Q

an enzyme which is capable for attacking and neutralizing microorganisms

A

Lysozyme

87
Q

natural antibiotics because they can attack the microorganisms naturally, capable of blocking the replication of virus and other cells

A

Interferon

88
Q

what is Third Line of Defense

A

Acquired/ Adaptive Immunity

89
Q

Allows the body to Recognize, Remember, and Respond to antigen (3Rs)

A

Acquired/ Adaptive Immunity

90
Q

what immunity has specific immunologic memory

A

Acquired/ Adaptive Immunity

91
Q

allows the host to respond more effectively if reinfection with the same microorganism occurs

A

Acquired resistance (memory or recall)

92
Q

Types of Acquired/Adaptive Immunity

A

Humoral Immunity
Cell-mediated Immunity

93
Q

antibody-mediated immunity, focus on the development of antibodies

A

Humoral Immunity

94
Q

types of Humoral Immunity

A

Active Immunity
Passive Immunity

95
Q

an immunity where it is the body that synthesizes the antibodies

A

Active Immunity

96
Q

what immunity is a Delayed, long-term antibody protection

A

Active Immunity

97
Q

exposure (in response to an infection or natural series of infections), we got infected

A

Active Natural

98
Q

Vaccination, given to us on purpose, we are given live attenuated vaccine

A

Active Artificial

99
Q

we do not encounter antigens, antibodies are directly given to us

A

Passive Immunity

100
Q

placental transfer, colostrum (first few of mother’s milk that bears antibodies), the immunity of the mother is also the immunity of the baby

A

Passive Natural

101
Q

the infusion of serum or plasma containing high concentrations of antibody or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual

A

Passive Artificial

102
Q

what immunity is an Immediate, temporary antibody

A

Passive Immunity

103
Q

immunity moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells (i.e., Monocytes-macrophages).

A

Cell-mediated Immunity

104
Q

TCRs do not recognize the antigen directly, but through “presenting” proteins called the

A

Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules

105
Q

what cells secrete cytokines (facilitate the movement of macrophages to the inflamed area)

A

Helper T cells

106
Q

destroy altered cells, i.e. tumor cells, virally infected cells

A

Cytotoxic T cells

107
Q

synthesize antibodies

A

Plasma cells

108
Q

serve an immunosurveillance role

A

Memory B cells

109
Q

Lymphocytes are immunologically active through:

A

Direct cell to cell contact, and production of cytokines for specific immunologic functions,
such as recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of inflammation.

110
Q

soluble substances with different immunologic functions, facilitate the recruitment of phagocytic cells, it signals them and help eliminate the invader

A

Cytokines

111
Q

major cellular component of acquired immunity

A

Lymphocyte

112
Q

major humoral component

A

Antibody

113
Q

What Immunity? Mode of Action: Antibodies in serum

A

Humoral-Mediated Immunity

114
Q

Cell-Mediated Immunity Mode of Action:

A

Direct cell-to-cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells (cytokines)

115
Q

Primary defense against bacterial Infection

A

Humoral-Mediated Immunity

116
Q

what immunity defends against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens, and graft rejection

A

Cell-Mediated Immunity

117
Q

Pathogen recognized by receptors encoded in the germline – give us a non-specific response/protection

A

Innate Immunity (natural)

118
Q

Receptors have broad specificity, i.e., recognize many related molecular structures (PAMPs)

A

Innate Immunity (natural)

119
Q

Little or no memory of prior antigenic exposure – even if we are exposed to the same antigen 10 times, it gives us the same response

A

Innate Immunity (natural)

120
Q

Type of immunity: Pathogen recognized by receptors generated randomly

A

Adaptive Immunity (acquired)

121
Q

Receptors have very narrow specificity

A

Adaptive Immunity (acquired)

122
Q

Slow (3-5 days) response

A

Adaptive Immunity (acquired)

123
Q

Memory of prior antigenic exposure – the next time we encounter it (secondary exposure), it will no longer mount an infection or response

A

Adaptive Immunity (acquired)

Immuno and Sero (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions