Overview of Immuno Flashcards
1
Q
400 BC:
A
Plague in Athens; Thucydides recorded immune status to infected individuals who recovered
2
Q
Immune status
A
persons who previously got infected, developed immunity, and did not get infected after they recovered
3
Q
A disease that affected the humans and other mammals during the earliest times
A
plague
4
Q
Chinese practiced a form of immunization by inhaling dried powders derived from the crusts of smallpox lesions
A
100 AD
5
Q
They are like blisters which dried up and became crust
A
Smallpox lesions
6
Q
Powdered smallpox “crusts” were inserted with a pin into the skin (inoculation/vaccination)
A
15th century
7
Q
“Father of Immunology”
A
Louis Pasteur
8
Q
1798
A
Edward Jenner - smallpox vaccine (inoculation)
9
Q
1862
A
Haeckel - phagocytosis (cell eating)
10
Q
1880-1881
A
Louis Pasteur - live attenuated chicken cholera and anthrax vaccines
11
Q
1883-1905
A
Elie Metchnikoff - Cellular Theory of Immunity through Phagocytosis
12
Q
1885
A
Pasteur - therapeutic vaccine (for rabies)
13
Q
1890
A
Von Behring and Kitasata - Humoral Theory of Immunity (antibody-mediated immunity)
14
Q
1891
A
Koch - demonstration of cutaneous (delayed type) hypersensitivity (allergies)
15
Q
1900
A
Ehrlich - Antibody formation theory
16
Q
Other name of antibody
A
Immunoglobulin
17
Q
Types of IgG
A
IgG G, A, M, D, E
18
Q
1902
A
Portier and Richet - Immediate-hypersensitivity anaphylaxis
19
Q
1903
A
Arthus - Arthus reaction of intermediate hypersensitivity
20
Q
1938
A
Marrack - hypothesis of antigen-antibody binding
21
Q
1944
A
Hypothesis of Allograft Rejection
22
Q
A type of transplant where the donors are of the same species
A
Allograft
23
Q
1949
A
Salk and Sabin - discovery and development of Polio vaccine
24
Q
1951
A
Reed - vaccine against yellow fever
25
A type of fever caused by a virus and spread by a mosquito
Yellow fever
26
1953
Graft versus Host reaction
27
1957
Burnet - Clonal Selection theory (all about lymphocytes)
28
1957
discovery of interferon
29
A type of protein for the natural defense of the body, when it is activated it can neutralize viruses, sometimes it raises our body temperature when we have infections
interferon
30
1958-1962
Human Leukocyte Antigens (HLAs)
31
1964-1968
T-cell and B-cell cooperation in immune response
32
1972
identification of antibody molecule (the structure)
33
1975
Kohler - first monoclonal antibodies
34
1985-1987
identification of genes for t-cell receptor
35
1986
monoclonal Hepatitis B vaccine
36
cells that recognize the antigens of the body
T-cells
37
Types of T-cells
t-helper cells
t-suppressor cells
t-cytotoxic cells
38
they either transform into memory cells or they become plasma cells
B-cells
39
synthesize antibodies
Plasma cells
40
1986
Mosmann - Th1 versus Th2 model of T helper cell function
41
1996-1998
Identification of toll-like receptors
42
2001
FOXP3, the gene directing regulatory T cell development
43
the gene directing regulatory T cell development
FOXP3
44
2005
Frazer - Development of human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV)
45
the vaccine intended to prevent cervical cancer for women
human papillomavirus vaccine (HPV)
46
a very specific protein against antigen
Antibody
47
food allergies, allergies from pollen and dust
Hypersensitivity type 1
48
most dangerous, delayed, can be fatal as it leads to anaphylaxis
Hypersensitivity type 4
49
Study of the immune system
Immunology
50
Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
Immunology
51
Resistance to disease, specifically infectious disease
Immunology
52
Roles of the Immune System:
Defending the body against infections
Recognizing and responding to foreign antigens
Defending the body against the development of tumors
53
Cells of the Immune System
Lymphocytes
Specialized cells
Effector cells
54
Elimination of antigens - eliminate microbes, they make the judgement
Effector cells
55
Capture of antigens for display to lymphocytes - like a justice system
Specialized cells
56
a type of white blood cell that has specific recognition of antigens
Lymphocytes
57
Function of Immunology
Recognition of self from non-self
58
Desirable consequences of immunity:
Natural resistance
Recovery
Acquired resistance to infectious diseases
59
a resistance to almost all antigens and bacteria in the body
Natural resistance
60
once we become infected
Recovery
61
the resistance we get after being infected
Acquired resistance to infectious diseases
62
Undesirable consequences of immunity:
Allergy
Rejection of a transplanted organ
Autoimmune disorder
63
instances that the immune system become overreactive to certain stimulus
Allergy
64
our body sees it as non-self that is why our body will reject it, causing fever, chills, and other reactions
Rejection of a transplanted organ
65
when the cells are attacking our own cells. It cannot recognize what is self and non-self. It becomes very overprotective that it protects you from your own self
Autoimmune disorder
66
Cellular components of the Immune System:
Specific cellular elements
Nonspecific effector mechanisms
67
Give the Specific cellular elements
lymphocytes
68
Give the Nonspecific effector mechanisms
mononuclear phagocytes, polymorphonuclear
leukocytes, and soluble factors (e.g., complement)
69
first barrier to infection and generally responds to all types of antigens
First Line of Defense, non-specific
70
Unbroken skin is a non-specific defense because of:
Keratinization and Normal flora
71
The good bacteria which naturally inhabits the skin and mucus membrane.
They are the first barrier to infection because they deter the penetration
of microorganisms.
Normal flora
72
Trap the microorganisms and dust (ex. nose, nasopharynx), which will then be expelled through coughing, sneezing, or picking our nose
mucus
73
Produced by the sebaceous glands which is present in almost all parts of the body except the thin skin like the palm of our hand and sole of our feet
sebum
74
Trap the microorganisms and dust in the ears
Earwax (cerumen)
75
They contain certain enzymes. Their pH is also important in killing some
microorganisms
Vaginal secretions
76
Effective for flushing out microorganism, dust, and dirt in our ocular (eye) area
tears
77
It also contains enzymes and chemicals which attack different microorganisms in the mouth
saliva
78
what is the Second Line of Defense
Natural Immunity
79
What immunity: inborn or innate resistance
Natural Immunity
80
they are responsible for inflammation
Cellular Immunity (cells)
81
Types of Cellular Immunity (cells)
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
82
what are the 3 phagocytic cells
Mast cells
Neutrophils
Macrophages
83
dissolved soluble substances in the body
Humoral Immunity (secretions)
84
Types of Humoral Immunity (secretions)
Complement
Lysozyme
Interferon
85
set of proteins, major humoral immunity component in the natural immunity, it needs to be activated, and the result is cell lysis
Complement
86
an enzyme which is capable for attacking and neutralizing microorganisms
Lysozyme
87
natural antibiotics because they can attack the microorganisms naturally, capable of blocking the replication of virus and other cells
Interferon
88
what is Third Line of Defense
Acquired/ Adaptive Immunity
89
Allows the body to Recognize, Remember, and Respond to antigen (3Rs)
Acquired/ Adaptive Immunity
90
what immunity has specific immunologic memory
Acquired/ Adaptive Immunity
91
allows the host to respond more effectively if reinfection with the same microorganism occurs
Acquired resistance (memory or recall)
92
Types of Acquired/Adaptive Immunity
Humoral Immunity
Cell-mediated Immunity
93
antibody-mediated immunity, focus on the development of antibodies
Humoral Immunity
94
types of Humoral Immunity
Active Immunity
Passive Immunity
95
an immunity where it is the body that synthesizes the antibodies
Active Immunity
96
what immunity is a Delayed, long-term antibody protection
Active Immunity
97
exposure (in response to an infection or natural series of infections), we got infected
Active Natural
98
Vaccination, given to us on purpose, we are given live attenuated vaccine
Active Artificial
99
we do not encounter antigens, antibodies are directly given to us
Passive Immunity
100
placental transfer, colostrum (first few of mother’s milk that bears antibodies), the immunity of the mother is also the immunity of the baby
Passive Natural
101
the infusion of serum or plasma containing high concentrations of antibody or lymphocytes from an actively immunized individual
Passive Artificial
102
what immunity is an Immediate, temporary antibody
Passive Immunity
103
immunity moderated by the link between T lymphocytes and phagocytic cells (i.e., Monocytes-macrophages).
Cell-mediated Immunity
104
TCRs do not recognize the antigen directly, but through “presenting” proteins called the
Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules
105
what cells secrete cytokines (facilitate the movement of macrophages to the inflamed area)
Helper T cells
106
destroy altered cells, i.e. tumor cells, virally infected cells
Cytotoxic T cells
107
synthesize antibodies
Plasma cells
108
serve an immunosurveillance role
Memory B cells
109
Lymphocytes are immunologically active through:
Direct cell to cell contact, and production of cytokines for specific immunologic functions,
such as recruitment of phagocytic cells to the site of inflammation.
110
soluble substances with different immunologic functions, facilitate the recruitment of phagocytic cells, it signals them and help eliminate the invader
Cytokines
111
major cellular component of acquired immunity
Lymphocyte
112
major humoral component
Antibody
113
What Immunity? Mode of Action: Antibodies in serum
Humoral-Mediated Immunity
114
Cell-Mediated Immunity Mode of Action:
Direct cell-to-cell contact or soluble products secreted by cells (cytokines)
115
Primary defense against bacterial Infection
Humoral-Mediated Immunity
116
what immunity defends against viral and fungal infections, intracellular organisms, tumor antigens, and graft rejection
Cell-Mediated Immunity
117
Pathogen recognized by receptors encoded in the germline – give us a non-specific response/protection
Innate Immunity (natural)
118
Receptors have broad specificity, i.e., recognize many related molecular structures (PAMPs)
Innate Immunity (natural)
119
Little or no memory of prior antigenic exposure – even if we are exposed to the same antigen 10 times, it gives us the same response
Innate Immunity (natural)
120
Type of immunity: Pathogen recognized by receptors generated randomly
Adaptive Immunity (acquired)
121
Receptors have very narrow specificity
Adaptive Immunity (acquired)
122
Slow (3-5 days) response
Adaptive Immunity (acquired)
123
Memory of prior antigenic exposure – the next time we encounter it (secondary exposure), it will no longer mount an infection or response
Adaptive Immunity (acquired)
