Overview of Global Health Flashcards
What factors determine life expectancy?
Gender
Year of Birth
Mortality or death rate
Life expectancy has increased over the last 50 years in India, Chinam and the USA. Which country has the highest life expectancy?
USA
Drug overdose death rates have increased from 1999 to 2016. Are males or females at a higher risk?
Males
*Approximately 25 per 100,000 deaths
Life extancy at birth, by sex, race and Hispanic orgin in the United States, 1975-2015
Top Ten Countries with Highest Life Expectancy
Overview of life expectancy across the globe
Africa Life Expectancy at Birth
Worldwide the biggest killers are _________.
Noncommunicable diseases
Like: Cardiovascular disease, heart disease and strokes
Cardiovascular disease represents ____ % of the global total deaths
30
In Western countries, _________ is the leading cause of death.
Heart disease
In delevoping countries, ________ are the leading cause of death.
Communicable/infectious disease
Major communicable disease
- HIV/ AIDS
- Tuberculosis
- Malaria
- Ebola
- Diarrheal Diseases
- Respiratory Diseases
- Schistosomiasis, Onchocerciasis, etc
Major non-communicable diseases
- Heart Disease*
- Stroke
- Cancer*
- Diabetes*
- Chronic Respiratory Diseases
- Accidents
NOTE: Diseases with * have 4 modifiable shared risk, which are tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol.
Leading causes of death in 1975 and 2015: United State, 1975-2015
Ten Causes of Death by Gender, USA 2016
Attributable Mortality in 2016
- High blood pressure
- Tobacco use
- High blood glucose
- Physical inactivity
- Overweight and obesity
- High cholesterol
- Unsafe sex
- Alcohol use
- Childhood underweight
- Indoor smoke from solid fuels
What is a modifiable risk factor for chronic respiratory disease?
Tobacco use
Comparison of national health systems
Main causes of death in the USA and AFRICA
Stillbirth
Death in final trimester of gestation
Global still bith rate
19 deaths /1000 births
Which countries have the highest rate of stilbirth?
Pakistan and Nigeria
NOTE: Finland and singapore have the lowest rates. USA has a rate of 3 per/1000 births
What are the most common causes of stillbirths?
- Childbirth complications
- Infections in womb
- Maternal illnesses
- Congenital abnormalities
- Inadequate fetal growth
What are some ways to prevent stillbirths?
- Screening pregnant women for syphilis
- Folic acid supplements before conception
- Insecticide-treated mosquito nets for pregnant women
- Increased caesarian deliveries/ training of surgical technicians
- Antiboiotics for premature rupture of membranes
- Steroids for women in early labor/fetal lung function
- Reduce obesity, smoking, hypertension
Pretem singleton births, by gestational age and race and Hispanic origin of mother
Population based studies of Cancer
How many deaths per year are attibutable to childhood mortality?
11 million
What are leading causes of childhood mortality?
- Malnutrition
- Stunting
- Underweight
- Wasting
- Neonatal casas
- Respiratory infections, diarrhea and malaria
- Water and sanitation
Major causes of global childhood mortality
Child Mortality by Countries, 2016
Infant mortality rates, by infant age at death and race and Hispanic origin of mother
What are some benefits of breastfeeding?
- Breast milk contains high titers of lyzosyme, lactoferrin, lactalbumin
- Inhibitory for malaria and bacterial growth and for bacterial hemolysins
- Breastfeeding protects mothers against future breast cancer
Unicef BReast feeding estimates in 2015
What are the components of Breast milk
- Minerals
- Carbohydrates
- Lipids/Fats
- Growth factors
- Proteins
- Caseins
- Whey
NOTE: The whey casein ratio in human milk is 60:40 and in bovine milk is 20:80.
Specific antibodies in maternal sera and maternal milk
Trachoma
An infectious disease caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.The infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids.
How is trachoma treated?
Tetracycline
What is the mode of transmission for Trachoma?
- Flies
- Contaminated fingers
- Towels due to lack of portable water
Arsenic in drinking water can cause___________
- Skin diseases
- Lung Cancer
- Bladder Cancer
- Kidney cancer
HU control program in ________ reduced incidence and prevalence of Trachoma with provision of soap, clean water and aqua privy latrines in villages.
Ethiopia
Dr. Abul Hussam of GMU developed the ______ to remove arsenic from well water. He won the 2007 $1 million Grainger Challenge Prize for his invention.
Sono filter
What are the components of the Sono-3- Kolshi filter
- Sand
- Charcoal
- Bits of Brick
- Shards of cast iron
Current vaccine practice
Invasive Meningococcal Disease- Serogroup Distribution, 2018
Serogroups of Neisseria Meningitidis
____________ was rolled out in 2010 in 16 countries initially to vaccinate 235 million children and young adults for menigitis.
MenAfriVac-A
*Vaccine costs less than 0.05 per dose
NOTE: Vaccine is also protective against tetanus
Emergence of serogroup ____________ in 2015 as cause of meningitis in SubSaharan Africa.
C
Natural/ Man-Made Disasters and Disease Outbreaks
AIDS kills ________ a year
3 million
TB kills ________ a year.
2 million
Malaria kills ________ a year.
1 million
Global summary of the AIDS Epidemic, 2011
HIV and Heroin Injection in SE Asia
Nine percent of all new TB cases in adults were attributable to _______.
HIV
NOTE: In African region (31%) and in USA (26%) of new TB cases were attributable to HIV
___________ billion people do not have access to clean water.
1.1
___________ billion lack adequate sanitation facilities.
2.4
Simple water treatment
Simle chlorination
- Suitable for:
- Pond water
- Household/rural water supplies
Extensive water treatment
Rapid sand filtration
- Suitable for:
- Stream water
- River water
- Lake water
- Used for most urban supply systems
Sewage Disposal Systems
- Bucket latrine
- Pit latrine
- Aqua privy
- Septic tank
- Batch composting
- Continuous composting
- Waste stablization pond
- Aerated lagoon
- Conventional sewage treatment (flush toilet
What is global warming?
The atmospheric warming of temperatures occuring across the globe for a sustained amount of time caused by greenhouse gases
Health Risks of Global Warming
Chernobyl Reactor meltdown (1978)
- 28-57 deaths from radiation illness
- 68,000 cases of thyroid cancer
- 4000-33,000 premature deaths
Fukushima Daiichi Plant (2011)
- Radiation exposures; radioactive leakage into soil, water, and food
- High number of refugees
Contributing Factors to mortality reduction in developing countries
- Iron
- Iodine
- Vaccines
- Clean water and good samitation
- Antibiotics and antimalarials
- Vitamin A
