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Camelita- Medicine and Society II > Overview of Global Health > Flashcards

Overview of Global Health Flashcards

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1
Q

What factors determine life expectancy?

A

Gender

Year of Birth

Mortality or death rate

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2
Q

Life expectancy has increased over the last 50 years in India, Chinam and the USA. Which country has the highest life expectancy?

A

USA

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3
Q

Drug overdose death rates have increased from 1999 to 2016. Are males or females at a higher risk?

A

Males

*Approximately 25 per 100,000 deaths

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4
Q

Life extancy at birth, by sex, race and Hispanic orgin in the United States, 1975-2015

A
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5
Q

Top Ten Countries with Highest Life Expectancy

A
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6
Q

Overview of life expectancy across the globe

A
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7
Q

Africa Life Expectancy at Birth

A
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8
Q

Worldwide the biggest killers are _________.

A

Noncommunicable diseases

Like: Cardiovascular disease, heart disease and strokes

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9
Q

Cardiovascular disease represents ____ % of the global total deaths

A

30

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10
Q

In Western countries, _________ is the leading cause of death.

A

Heart disease

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11
Q

In delevoping countries, ________ are the leading cause of death.

A

Communicable/infectious disease

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12
Q

Major communicable disease

A
  • HIV/ AIDS
  • Tuberculosis
  • Malaria
  • Ebola
  • Diarrheal Diseases
  • Respiratory Diseases
  • Schistosomiasis, Onchocerciasis, etc
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13
Q

Major non-communicable diseases

A
  • Heart Disease*
  • Stroke
  • Cancer*
  • Diabetes*
  • Chronic Respiratory Diseases
  • Accidents

NOTE: Diseases with * have 4 modifiable shared risk, which are tobacco use, unhealthy diets, physical inactivity, and harmful use of alcohol.

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14
Q

Leading causes of death in 1975 and 2015: United State, 1975-2015

A
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15
Q

Ten Causes of Death by Gender, USA 2016

A
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16
Q

Attributable Mortality in 2016

A
  1. High blood pressure
  2. Tobacco use
  3. High blood glucose
  4. Physical inactivity
  5. Overweight and obesity
  6. High cholesterol
  7. Unsafe sex
  8. Alcohol use
  9. Childhood underweight
  10. Indoor smoke from solid fuels
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17
Q

What is a modifiable risk factor for chronic respiratory disease?

A

Tobacco use

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18
Q

Comparison of national health systems

A
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19
Q

Main causes of death in the USA and AFRICA

A
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20
Q

Stillbirth

A

Death in final trimester of gestation

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21
Q

Global still bith rate

A

19 deaths /1000 births

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22
Q

Which countries have the highest rate of stilbirth?

A

Pakistan and Nigeria

NOTE: Finland and singapore have the lowest rates. USA has a rate of 3 per/1000 births

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23
Q

What are the most common causes of stillbirths?

A
  • Childbirth complications
  • Infections in womb
  • Maternal illnesses
  • Congenital abnormalities
  • Inadequate fetal growth
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24
Q

What are some ways to prevent stillbirths?

A
  • Screening pregnant women for syphilis
  • Folic acid supplements before conception
  • Insecticide-treated mosquito nets for pregnant women
  • Increased caesarian deliveries/ training of surgical technicians
  • Antiboiotics for premature rupture of membranes
  • Steroids for women in early labor/fetal lung function
  • Reduce obesity, smoking, hypertension
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25
Q

Pretem singleton births, by gestational age and race and Hispanic origin of mother

A
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26
Q

Population based studies of Cancer

A
27
Q

How many deaths per year are attibutable to childhood mortality?

A

11 million

28
Q

What are leading causes of childhood mortality?

A
  • Malnutrition
    • Stunting
    • Underweight
    • Wasting
  • Neonatal casas
  • Respiratory infections, diarrhea and malaria
  • Water and sanitation
29
Q

Major causes of global childhood mortality

A
30
Q

Child Mortality by Countries, 2016

A
31
Q

Infant mortality rates, by infant age at death and race and Hispanic origin of mother

A
32
Q

What are some benefits of breastfeeding?

A
  • Breast milk contains high titers of lyzosyme, lactoferrin, lactalbumin
  • Inhibitory for malaria and bacterial growth and for bacterial hemolysins
  • Breastfeeding protects mothers against future breast cancer
33
Q

Unicef BReast feeding estimates in 2015

A
34
Q

What are the components of Breast milk

A
  • Minerals
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids/Fats
  • Growth factors
  • Proteins
    • Caseins
    • Whey

NOTE: The whey casein ratio in human milk is 60:40 and in bovine milk is 20:80.

35
Q

Specific antibodies in maternal sera and maternal milk

A
36
Q

Trachoma

A

An infectious disease caused by bacterium Chlamydia trachomatis.The infection causes a roughening of the inner surface of the eyelids.

37
Q

How is trachoma treated?

A

Tetracycline

38
Q

What is the mode of transmission for Trachoma?

A
  • Flies
  • Contaminated fingers
  • Towels due to lack of portable water
39
Q

Arsenic in drinking water can cause___________

A
  • Skin diseases
  • Lung Cancer
  • Bladder Cancer
  • Kidney cancer
40
Q

HU control program in ________ reduced incidence and prevalence of Trachoma with provision of soap, clean water and aqua privy latrines in villages.

A

Ethiopia

41
Q

Dr. Abul Hussam of GMU developed the ______ to remove arsenic from well water. He won the 2007 $1 million Grainger Challenge Prize for his invention.

A

Sono filter

42
Q

What are the components of the Sono-3- Kolshi filter

A
  • Sand
  • Charcoal
  • Bits of Brick
  • Shards of cast iron
43
Q

Current vaccine practice

A
44
Q

Invasive Meningococcal Disease- Serogroup Distribution, 2018

A
45
Q

Serogroups of Neisseria Meningitidis

A
46
Q

____________ was rolled out in 2010 in 16 countries initially to vaccinate 235 million children and young adults for menigitis.

A

MenAfriVac-A

*Vaccine costs less than 0.05 per dose

NOTE: Vaccine is also protective against tetanus

47
Q

Emergence of serogroup ____________ in 2015 as cause of meningitis in SubSaharan Africa.

A

C

48
Q

Natural/ Man-Made Disasters and Disease Outbreaks

A
49
Q

AIDS kills ________ a year

A

3 million

50
Q

TB kills ________ a year.

A

2 million

51
Q

Malaria kills ________ a year.

A

1 million

52
Q

Global summary of the AIDS Epidemic, 2011

A
53
Q

HIV and Heroin Injection in SE Asia

A
54
Q

Nine percent of all new TB cases in adults were attributable to _______.

A

HIV

NOTE: In African region (31%) and in USA (26%) of new TB cases were attributable to HIV

55
Q

___________ billion people do not have access to clean water.

A

1.1

56
Q

___________ billion lack adequate sanitation facilities.

A

2.4

57
Q

Simple water treatment

A

Simle chlorination

  • Suitable for:
    • Pond water
    • Household/rural water supplies
58
Q

Extensive water treatment

A

Rapid sand filtration

  • Suitable for:
    • Stream water
    • River water
    • Lake water
  • Used for most urban supply systems
59
Q

Sewage Disposal Systems

A
  • Bucket latrine
  • Pit latrine
  • Aqua privy
  • Septic tank
  • Batch composting
  • Continuous composting
  • Waste stablization pond
  • Aerated lagoon
  • Conventional sewage treatment (flush toilet
60
Q

What is global warming?

A

The atmospheric warming of temperatures occuring across the globe for a sustained amount of time caused by greenhouse gases

61
Q

Health Risks of Global Warming

A
62
Q

Chernobyl Reactor meltdown (1978)

A
  • 28-57 deaths from radiation illness
  • 68,000 cases of thyroid cancer
  • 4000-33,000 premature deaths
63
Q

Fukushima Daiichi Plant (2011)

A
  • Radiation exposures; radioactive leakage into soil, water, and food
  • High number of refugees
64
Q

Contributing Factors to mortality reduction in developing countries

A
  • Iron
  • Iodine
  • Vaccines
  • Clean water and good samitation
  • Antibiotics and antimalarials
  • Vitamin A

Camelita- Medicine and Society II (7 decks)

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