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Sem 4, case 1 (oesophageal cancer) > overview of gastroenterology (mini learning) > Flashcards

overview of gastroenterology (mini learning) Flashcards

1
Q

Roughly what % of primary care consultations are about GI disorders?

A

10%

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2
Q

Are GI disorders most commonly major or minor issues ?

A

minor issues but with big impacts on quality of life

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3
Q

What are some common symptoms that present in a GI clinic ?

A
  • indigestion
  • heart burn/reflux
  • dysphasia
  • vomiting/nausea
  • abdominal pain
  • altered bowel habits (constipation/diarrhoea)
  • rectal bleeding
  • weight loss
  • abnormal lover function tests
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4
Q

Give 2 examples of inflammatory bowel diseases…

A

Crohn’s
Colitis

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5
Q

How does Inflammatory bowel disease differ from Irritable bowel syndrome ?

A

iflammatory bowel disease = bowel is inflamed and diseased

Irritable dowel syndrome = bowel isn’t functioning properly but appears structurally normal

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6
Q

What classes as ‘abnormal bowel habits’ ?

A
  • diarrhoea (increased frequency and looseness of stool)
  • constipation (decreased frequency and straining to release stool)
  • alternating between the 2 above (seen in IBS)

its a change from the person’s normal

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7
Q

What is the scale called that’s used to describe stool types ?

A

The Bristol Stool Form Scale

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8
Q

What are classed as red flag GI symptoms that should be referred to specialists ?

A
  • weight loss
  • bleeding
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9
Q

What are some common symptoms seen in liver disease ?

A
  • abnormal bloods
  • jaundice (seen in the sclera of the eye)
  • fatigue
  • abdominal swelling
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10
Q

What are some common symptoms seen in pancreatic disease ?

A
  • pain
  • diarrhoea (malabsorption of fat)
  • weight loss
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11
Q

What are the 6 least survivable cancers ? Why are they so ?

A
  • lung cancer
  • brain cancer
  • liver cancer
  • stomach cancer
  • pancreatic cancer
  • oesophageal cancer

diagnoses are often quite late so prognosis is bad

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12
Q

What are the 2 roles of the gut?

A
  • digestion/absorption = get food and water in
  • barrier function = keep bacteria and toxins out
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13
Q

What are some factors that impact the brain-gut axis ?

A
  • stress
  • diet
  • microbiome (infection, antibiotics)
  • genome
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14
Q

What are the main investigations done to test for GI diseases ?

A
  • bloods
  • endoscopy
  • biopsy (if abnormality found)
  • imaging (ultrasound, CT, MRI, Nuclear medicine)
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15
Q

What findings are classed as GI emergencies ?

A
  • GI bleeding
  • severe inflammatory bowel disease (Crohn’s, colitis)
  • perforation
  • obstruction
  • acute pancreatitis
  • appendicitis
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16
Q

What does the ‘PEG’ stand for in ‘PEG feeding tube’ ?

A

Percutaneous Endoscopic Gastronomy

17
Q

What is a PEG feeding tube?

A

A feeding tube that is inserted through the skin, directly into the stomach wall

18
Q

When would a PEG feeding tube be indicated ?

A

When a person can no longer eat or swallow so are not getting the nutrients they need

e.g after
- stroke
- head/neck cancer

19
Q

What is the purpose of a PEG feeding tube ?

A

To provide a person with nutrients when they can no longer eat/swallow

20
Q

What is a complication of PEG tubes ?

A

They can sometimes get engulfed by the body as it grows around/over it = buried bumper syndrome

21
Q

How are PEG tube patients supposed to help decrease their risk of getting ‘buried bumper syndrome’ ?

A

rotate their PEG tube every day to keep it free

22
Q

What type of feeding tube is used if a patient isn’t responding well/vomiting when using a PEG tube ?

A

**PEG-J tube **
(extends into small intestine to avoid the stomach and, therefore, reflux)

23
Q

How common is Diverticular disease ?

A

By the time they’re 80/90 almost everyone has it to some degree

24
Q

What is diverticular disease ?

A

Small pockets (diverticulae) develop in the lining of large intestine, forming holes that food can get stuck in

  • these get inflamed (diverticulitis)
25
Q

How long does it take for a pre-cancerous bowel polyp/adenoma to turn into bowel cancer ?

A

~ 10 years

26
Q

What are some complications of polypectomy ?

A
  • bleeding (can be fatal)
  • perforation of bowel wall (if caught in the snare used to remove the polyp - can be fatal or require surgery)
27
Q

What piece of technology is used to view inside the lower gut that cannot be reached via endoscope ?

A

Pill-cam

a small dual-ended camera encased in a small plastic pill that records its journey through the GI tract

28
Q

Are PEG tubes used as a short or long term solution ?

A

long term

29
Q

What is TPN ?

(hint: nutrition)

A

Total Parenteral Nutrition

= IV nutrition

Sem 4, case 1 (oesophageal cancer) (6 decks)

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