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Sem 4, case 1 (oesophageal cancer) > end of life (mini learning) > Flashcards

end of life (mini learning) Flashcards

1
Q

What is gross negligence an example of with regards to killing someone ?

A

Manslaughter

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2
Q

What are the 4 types of euthanasia ?

A
  • Active
  • Passive
  • Voluntary
  • Non-voluntary
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3
Q

What is meant by Active Euthanasia ?

A

A conscious action is taken to bring a life to an end
e.g lethal injection

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4
Q

What is meant by Passive Euthanasia ?

A

Intentionally letting a patient die by withholding life saving treatment/life support
e.g not using ventilation or feeding tube

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5
Q

What is meant by Voluntary Euthanasia ?

A

Ending a patient’s life at their request to relieve suffering

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6
Q

What is meant by non-voluntary Euthanasia ?

A

Ending a patient’s life without consent of the patient and without knowing their wishes (patient lacks capacity to choose)

often referred to as “mercy killing”

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7
Q

What is the difference between non-voluntary and involuntary euthanasia ?

A

involuntary = against patients wishes
non-voluntary = without patient consent but wishes are unknown (patient lacks capacity)

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8
Q

What is physician assisted suicide ?

A

A physician deliberately helping someone commit suicide

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9
Q

What is the difference between euthanasia and physician assisted suicide ?

A

euthanasia = deliberately ending a life to end suffering
physician assisted suicide = deliberately assisting someone in ending their own life

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10
Q

List all the non-natural methods of death…

A
  • murder
  • man slaughter
  • euthanasia
  • physician assisted suicide
  • suicide
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11
Q

What is Gross Negligence Manslaughter (GNM) ?

A

A failure to meet the appropriate standard of care, resulting in a death through action/omission that is sufficiently negligent to amount to a crime

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12
Q

How long is the sentence for Gross Negligence Manslaughter?

A

10-14 years

maximum sentence is life (18 years followed by parole)

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13
Q

What is an example of Active Voluntary euthanasia ?

A

Assisted suicide (done abroad, illegal in UK)

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14
Q

Name a company that partakes in assisted suicide …

A

Dignitas (in Switzerland)

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15
Q

Is Active voluntary euthanasia legal in the UK ?

A

no, it’s illegal

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16
Q

What is an example of Passive voluntary euthanasia?

A

Elective cessation of treatment from the patient

  • Do Not Resuscitate
  • Advanced Decision to Refuse Treatment (ADRT)
17
Q

Is Passive voluntary euthanasia legal in the UK?

A

Yes, you can sign an ADRT or DNR form to refuse treatment/resuscitation

18
Q

Name some examples of Active non-voluntary euthanasia…

A

Murder
Manslaughter
“Mercy killings”

19
Q

Is Active non-voluntary euthanasia legal in the UK ?

A

No, it is illegal

20
Q

Give an example of Passive non-voluntary euthanasia…

A

Any situation where the patient is in a coma/unconscious/lacks capacity with no other indication of wishes/legal documents, and treatment is ceased due to it being unsuccessful

21
Q

Is Passive non-voluntary euthanasia legal in the UK ?

A

If treatment has no clinical benefit then it may be permissible

The medical staff in charge will be vulnerable to allegations of negligence/manslaughter

22
Q

Is suicide illegal in the UK ?

A

Suicide is not illegal
Assisted suicide is illegal

23
Q

Give some examples of ‘pro euthanasia’ arguments…

A
  • gives patient autonomy
  • patient has a right to die
  • could be seen as an act of compassion to avoid suffering
  • maintains the patient’s dignity
  • suicide isn’t illegal, why not make it equal ?
24
Q

Give some examples of ‘anti euthanasia’ arguments…

A
  • sanctity of life = life is precious and doctors shouldn’t be able to play god and end it
  • protection of the vulnerable - avoid coercion for benefit of family members etc
  • seen as a slippery slope
  • palliative care is an option and can help people go comfortably
  • patients may be deterred from certain doctors that perform euthanasia frequently
25
Q

What is the Doctrine of Double Effect

A

It is morally indefensible to intend to harm and innocent person, but it is morally defensible to perform good intended actions, where harm is foreseen but an unintended consequence

a non-medical example of this is self defence

26
Q

What piece of legislation allows doctors to administer potentially lethal medications as long as the primary purpose is therapeutic ?

A

The Doctrine of Double Effect

27
Q

What are the criteria that, if met, will ALWAYS be prosecuted against in the use of assisted suicide ?

A
  1. victim was under 18yrs old
  2. victim didn’t have capacity to reach informed decision
  3. victim hadn’t reached a voluntary, clear, informed decision and was pushed into it
  4. suspect was acting in anyway within their capacity as a medical professional and the victim was under their personal care e.g provide patient their records, knowing that they’ll go to Switzerland etc
28
Q

What are some circumstances that may make prosecution of assisted suicide less likely ?

A
  1. victim had reached a clear, stated, informed decision to commit suicide
  2. suspect was wholly motivated by compassion
  3. action of suspect were very minor involvement
  4. suspect had tried to dissuade victim which resulted in a suicide
  5. actions of suspect were reluctant in the face of a determined wish of the victim
  6. suspect reports suicide to police and fully assists enquiries
29
Q

Who has authority to dispose of a dead body (via burial/cremation/export etc) ?

A
  • coroner
  • patient’s beneficiaries stated in the will
  • local authorities
30
Q

Who is the coroner ?

A
  • an independent judicial officer unrelated to the police, crown or civil court systems
  • has a legal or bioscience qualification and experience
31
Q

What is the role of the coroner ?

A
  • establish who has died and how
  • can issue a death certificate if medical staff cannot
  • can ask for post-mortems
  • cannot decide who commuted a crime (if murder etc) but their verdict may influence police/courts etc

Sem 4, case 1 (oesophageal cancer) (6 decks)

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