Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Neurogenic Speech Disorders > Overview of Dysarthria & Apraxia > Flashcards

Overview of Dysarthria & Apraxia Flashcards

0
Q

Dysarthria can be congenital or acquired. T/F

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

A speech disorder resulting from a disturbance in muscular control. Results in weakness, slowness, in-coordination of speech musculature due to damage of CNS, PNS, or both.

A

Dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Speech systems that can be affected by dysarthria

A 
Respiration
Phonation
Resonance
Articulation
Prosody
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

An articulatory disorder resulting from impairments as a result of brain damage of the capacity to program the positioning of speech muscles and the sequencing of muscle movements for the volitional production of phonemes.

A

Apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Absence of weakness, absence of slowness & in coordination during automatic speech or as part of a reflex, and prosodic alterations may be present in…..

A

Apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Consistent errors, volitional vs spontaneous speech makes no difference, therapy targets strengthening systems, systems of speech may be affected….best describes

A

Dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Inconsistent errors, the ability to say a word spontaneously but not volitionally, therapy targets burning in the motor program, articulation difficulty…..best describes

A

Apraxia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Four parts of speech motor system

A

Final common pathway
Direct activation pathway
Indirect activation pathway
Control circuits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Another name for final common pathway

A

Lower motor neuron

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The LMN (FCP) is the ….

A

Mechanism through which all motor activity is mediated, the last link in the chain.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Damage to LMN prevents

A

Normal activations muscle fibers

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Damage to LMN can result in

A

Weakness/ paresis or paralysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Over time, when damage to LMN has occurred, you will see

A

Atrophy due to loss of inner action

Fasiculations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Spontaneous motor discharges are called

A

Fasiculations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What type of dysarthria is associated with LMN damage?

A

Flaccid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What cranial nerves does the LMN contain?

A 
Trigeminal V
Facial VII
Glossopharyngeal IX
Vagus X
Accessory XI
Hypoglossal XII
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Another name for the direct activation pathway

A

Pyramidal tract or direct motor system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

The DAP is part of the ________ nervous system and provides a direct route from cortex to a direct synapse with the LMN.

A

Central

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What tract in the DAP is of interest to SLPs?

A

Corticobulbar tract

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Crucial to voluntary, controlled, discrete and rapid motor activity; movements generated by cognitive activity that may involve complex planning; mediates the complex planning, programming of speech muscles……best describes the function of the

A

DAP

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Areas of origination in the cortex of each hemisphere for the DAP include…

A

Primary motor cortex
Premotor cortex
Supplementary motor area
Secondary motor area (post central gyrus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Damage to the DAP may result in what types of dysarthria?

A

Spastic (ONLY if bi-lateral)

Unilateral upper motor neuron dysarthria

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Function & route complex, poorly understood; difficult to separate completely from basal ganglia & cerebellar control circuits; sends input directly to the LMN, control circuits do not…best describes

A

Indirect activation pathway

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Another name for indirect activation pathway is

A

Extra pyramidal tract. Or indirect route (due to multiple synapses)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
The IAP is considered part of the UMN and is contained within the _____?
CNS
25
Damage to IAP causes what kind of dysarthria?
Unilateral upper motor neuron | Dysarthria or spastic dysarthria.
26
Regulates reflexes, maintains posture & tone, provides framework for the direct pathway to accomplish its discrete fine motor movements...best describes the function of
The IAP
27
Damage to ______ can affect muscle tone & reflexes, increased muscle tone or spasticity, hyperactive reflexes, pathological reflexes, excessive emotion
IAP
28
Pseudo bulbar palsy (chatacterized by excessive emotion) indicated damage to the _______
IAP
29
Contained within CNS, made up of nerve tracts from DAP & IAP, spastic paralysis, hypertonic, increased reflexes, no atrophy/ fasiculations.....best describes....
UMN
30
Peripheral nervous system, cranial & spinal nerves, flaccid paralysis, hypotonia, diminished reflexes, marked atrophy and fasiculations....best describes...
LMN
31
No direct contact with LMN, integrate or control the impulses of the direct and indirect motor pathways....best describe....
Control circuits
32
Two control circuits are the
Basal ganglia & cerebellum
33
Normal posture, maintaining tone of muscles for fine motor movements, amplitude and velocity of movement, damping effect on cortical discharges, and learning new movements all are believed to be functions of the...
Basal ganglia
34
Damage to BG results in two movement disorders...
Hypokinesia | Hyperkinesia
35
Reduced mobility, dopamine deficiency, increase in muscle tone and rigidity, Parkinson disease are associated with the movement disorder...
Hypokinesia
36
Involuntary movements, excessive activity in dopamine rigid nerve fibers reduce the damping effect, Huntington's chorea are associated with the movement disorder...
Hyperkinesia
37
Preliminary info from the cortex re: movement, monitors integrity of movement, influences subsequent movement based on feedback it gives to the cortex, inhibits/ filters signals from cortex, "air traffic controller" of the human body best describe the functions of the ....
Cerebellum
38
Ataxia, decomposition of movement, dysmetria, dysdiadochokinesia, clumsiness, hypotonia, and tremor are signs of dysfunction of the ...
Cerebellar
39
Name 7 Types of dysarthria
``` Spastic Flaccid Ataxic Hypokinetic Hyperkinetic Unilateral upper motor neuron Mixed ```
40
The purpose of motor speech assessment is...
``` description of speech (pt & clinician's) Problem detection Establish dx possibilities Establishing dx Implications for localization Specifying severity ```
41
5 parts of Motor Speech Exam
``` Pt Hx Oral motor exercises Perceptual speech characteristics Intelligibility Acoustic/ physiologic analysis *** ``` ***optional
42
Tools for motor speech exam
``` Flashlight Gloves Tape recorder Tongue blade Stopwatch/ timer ```
43
What to ask when collecting pt Hx
``` Introduction/ goal setting Pt perception Basic info Onset/course Associated deficits Pt awareness of dx/disorder Consequences of disorder Does speech sound abnormal Pt self management ```
44
During oral motor exam (your own or purchased) be thorough and look at speech musculature during....
Sustained postures Rest Movement
45
When the face is at rest, look for ___
symmetry
46
Observe the face during sustained postures of...
lip retraction, rounding, pursing, puffing cheeks, mouth open
47
Observe the face during movement via the following...
pursing and retracting (oo-ee), opening/closing mouth, reflexive smiling, observe uncontrolled crying/laughing
48
When the jaw is at rest, look for
hang lower than normal, inability to close, clenching, temor
49
Observe the jaw during sustained postures and look for...
deviation, limited excursion (chewing motion), resistance to opening/closing
50
Observe the jaw during movement and look for...
symmetry, rapid/open close
51
When the tongue is at rest, look for...
fasiculations (muscle twitching)-only at rest in the mouth, extraneous, large movements, normal in size, full, symmetric
52
When the tongue is in a sustained posture, look for...
protrusion, deviation, resistance forward and in the cheek
53
During tongue movement, look for...
lateralization
54
When the velopharynx is at rest, look for...
palate hanging low, rests on tongue, palatal arches symmetry, and myoclonus (involuntary jerking of muscles)
55
Check movement of velopharynx via...
prolong 'ah'- checking for nasal air flow on mirror during vowel prolongation or pressure sounds
56
Check the function of larynx via...
glottal coup (cough)--checking for vocal chords coming together, or sustain 'ah'
57
Observe respiration by assessing...
normal posture, SOB (shortness of breath), irregular/shallow or labored breathing
58
Reflexes to test (optional)...
gag (only significant if assymetry stimulation observed), jaw, snout, suck
59
Assessment of Perceptual Characteristics consists of...
vowel prolongation, AMRs-alternation motion rates(pa, pa, pa/ ta, ta, ta), SMRs-sequential motion rates (pa,da,ka,pa,da, ka,) contextual speech, stress testing (counting 1-100) , and apraxia screening
60
Inappropriate response to reflex stimuli indicates
upper motor neuron damage
61
AMRs stands for
alternating motion rates | pa, pa, pa; ta, ta, ta; ka, ka, ka
62
When preforming speech stress testing, if someone's speech deteriorates, it may indicate______which indicates____ damage
myasthenia gravis (more exercise weakens) lower motor neuron damage
63
Frenchay Dysarthria Assessment
published test, the only standardized assessment, no opportunity for perceptual analysis/bit confusing
64
Dysarthria Profile
no longer in print, singing scales, need own case hx, additional ineligibility test needed
65
Duffy Dysarthria Assessment (in book)
includes screening for apraxia
66
Hartman-Dworkin Dysarthria assessment
screening
67
Dysarthria Examination Battery
-assessment without instrumentation is diffcult, add case hx, intelligibility, and perceptual assessment...more like a voice assessment
68
Assessment of Intelligibility (Yorkston and Beukelman 81)
* pt needs to be literate * only a test on intelligibility - 50 words/12 choices each - sentences 5-15 words in length * *professor recommends having this for intelligibility testing--"very good"
69
Apraxia Battery for Adults (Davul 79)
-6 subtests (5 speech, 1 limb/oral)
70
Comprehensive Apraxia Test
-6 subtests (5 speech, 1 non-oral/postures & movements
71
Salient features for Speech DX
strength, speed, range of motion, steadiness, tone, accuracy
72
Confirmatory signs for dx
``` (additional clues, other than deviant speech characteristics, regarding the location of pathology) fasiculations (muscle twitching) pathologic reflexes atrophy difficulty w/ initiation of movement flat affect ```
73
When establishing a dx...
address all reasonable possibilities, rule out what is it NOT, if ambiguous state why, always try to differentiate dx and report the type of dysarthria and implications for localization
74
Why is it important to specify severity?
measures can be measures against the pt's perception, influences prognosis and decision making, baseline data to compare change/improvement
75
A disorder of volitional movement, not due to weakness, paralysis, incoordination, comprehension deficits, or memory loss is....
apraxia
76
Where is the lesion located in apraxia?
motor association areas and association pathways
77
Is apraxia a language disorder?
NO---it is a speech disorder (motor planning)
78
What language disorder is apraxia often confused with?
Broca's aphasia
79
What disorder are the following symptoms associated with? telegrammatic speech, jargon/phonologic errors, syntactical/semantic errors, language deficits, AMRs wnl,variable self monitoring
Brocas' Aphasia
80
What disorder are the following symptoms associated with? well constructed sentences, absence of phonologic errors, grammatical construction wnl, language wnl, irregular AMRs, good self monitoring
Apraxia
81
When listening for apraxia, what are some key things to listen for?
false articulatory starts (stutter-like), inconsistent artic errors, sound and syllable repetitions, altered rate and prosody
82
Salient features for dx apraxia
audibly and visually groping for sounds and articulatory postures, automatic speech generally WNL (unless severe), slow labored speech, variable phonetic errors, increase in errors as utterances increase in length & complexity, sound transpositions
83
Other types of apraxia,
nonverbal oral apraxia, limb apraxia, contrustional apraxia
84
Nonverbal oral apraxia
impaired volitional oral motor movements (nonspeech)
85
Limb apraxia
use of limbs for volitional acts is impaired
86
Constructional apraxia
difficulty with visual-spatial tasks, inability to copy simple designs
87
How to treat apraxia
1 on 1, "listen & watch me," NO mirror, burn in motor program-repetition/reauditorization, automoatic speech tasks, focus on self-monitoring, slow deliberate speaking rate, paire external temporal pacing stimuli with speech attempts, melodic intonation techniques to stimulate speech, begin training with short re-duplication utterances increasing length and complexity as warranted
88
Muteness that may be present for 1-2 weeks, limited repertoire of speech sounds, no difference between automatic and volitional speech, likely accompained with aphasia is descriptive of
severe apraxics
89
T or F: Return to functional speech is unlikely for severe apraxics
TRUE
90
Treatment with severe apraxics
``` AAC- (gestures, pix boards, low tech), work on aphasia, stimulate speech (automatic speech & imitating vowels), multiple input phoneme therapy, counseling ```
91
Treatment with mod apraxics
work on aphasia, try slow rate of speech and reauditorization, artic drills & prosodic aids, AAC as needed, counseling
92
Treatment with mild apraxics
work on aphasia, artic drills, reinforce speech w/writing, work on artic w/ oral reading, encouarge self-monitoring, counseling

Neurogenic Speech Disorders (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions