Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Block 2 Week 2 > Overview of circulation of hemodynamic principles > Flashcards

Overview of circulation of hemodynamic principles Flashcards

1
Q

(blank) diseases are the leading cause of death in the USA. CV disease is the cause of more deaths than the next (blank) causes of death combined.

A

CV

5

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

(blank) is the scientific field concerned with the relationship among the physical principles governing pressure, flow, resistance, and compliance as they relate to the cardiovascular system.

A

Hemodynamics

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Hemodynamics is the scientific field concerned with the relationship among the physical principles governing (blank x 4) as they related to the cardiovascular system

A

Pressure, flow, resistance, and compliance

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

The circulation is a (blank) circuit.

A

closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

The circulation is a complete circuit and features a (blank) pattern.

A

branching

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Blood takes many (blank) from the left heart to the right heart.

A

parallel pathways

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

In most cases blood flows through a (blank)

A

single capillary bed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

In most cases blood flows through a single capillary bed (e.g., pulmonary circulation) whereas in other cases the blood flows through (blank)

A

two capillary beds in series (e.g., kidney).

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is an example of blood flowing through a single capillary bed?

A

pulmonary circulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is an example of blood flowing through two serial capillary beds?

A

kidney

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

The circulation is a closed circuit that features what type of flow?

A

branching patterns with serial and parallel paths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

We know blood can flow through a single capillary bed and through capillary beds in series, blood can also flow how?

A

through an arrangement of parallele and series of paths

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Blood flow from the rigght heart to the left heart can only take a (blank) pathway.

A

single pathway across a single capillary bed in the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Some deoxygenated blood (which should have gone to the right heart mixes with oxygenated blood bound for the (blank) arteries.

A

system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What type of blood vessels deliver oxygenated blood to the tissues?

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Since heart is a closed system, if you have a problem in one part of the system will it effect the rest of the system?

A

YES

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What type of blood vessel transports the blood under high pressure to the tissues?

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Do all the blood vessels branch?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What blood vessels have strong vascular walls?

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What blood vessels have rapid pulsatile blood flow?

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What blood vessels are densely innervated?

A

arteries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Arteriolar resistance is regulated by (blank)

A

ANS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What type of adrenergic receptors mediate vasoconstriction on the arterioles of the skin, splachnic, and renal circulation?

A

alpha-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What type of adrenergic receptors mediate vasodilation and are found on arterioles of skeletal muscle and in small coronary arteries?

A

Beta-2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are the smallest branches of the arteries that are 5-100 micron diameter?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the major resistance vessels of the whole peripheral circulation?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What blood vessels have thick smooth muscle layer?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What blood vessels have endothelial cell layer and are very densly innervated?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What type of blood vessels regulate blood flow to the capillary beds and have the biggest pressure drop?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What are the stopcocks of the circulation?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What blood vessels have smooth muscle that are partially contracted under normal conditions (basal tone)?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What type of blood vessels have basal tone?

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What are the main resistance blood vessels? (target these when dealing with blood pressure)

A

arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Factors that control blood flow to the capillaries do so by (blank)

A

vasoconstriction and vasodialation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

In order to vasconstrict, you need vessel that is (blank)

A

not fully constricted to start with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

In order to vasodilated, you need a vessel that is (blank)

A

not fully relaxed to start with

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

The smooth muscle surrounding the resistance vessels therefore have (blank).

A

Basal tone (some level of tonic contraction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

What is basal tone?

A

the consistant slight vasoconstriction of arterioles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

In contrast to skeletal muscle (which is under nerves control), vascular smooth muscle has some tone without needing (blank).

A

Neural input

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

The basal tone in arterioles probably comes from (blank)

A

intrinsic and local factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

What blood vessels are the smallest (5-10 micron diameter) with NO smooth muscle?

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Do capillaries have smooth muscle?

A

no

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

What blood vessels have very thin walls consisting of a single layer of endothelium permeable to small substances?

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

What are the major exchange vessels?

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

What blood vessels have the largest cross-sectional area?

A

capillaries (combined cross sectional area, singular cross sectional area are small but together really big)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What blood vessels have low flow velocity?

A

capillaries

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Can white cells squeeze out of between cells of capillary?

A

YES!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

What are small vessels (20 microns) with thin walls?

A

venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

What blood vessels collect blood from capillaries and participate in exchange?

A

venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

Do venules participate in exchange?

A

yes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

What blood vessels gradually coalesce into progressibely larger veins and the total cross-sectional area diminshes here and the velocity of blood flow increases?

A

venules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

What blood vessels merge to form larger veins and transport blood from tissues back to the heart?

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

What blood vessels are major capacitance vessels=major collection and storage site for blood (major controllable reservoir)

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

What blood vessels have thing BUT muscular walls?

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

What blood vessels are under low pressure and are densely innervated?

A

veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

About 85% of the entire blood volume of the body is in the (blank) , and about 15% in (blank). Of the 85 % in the systemic circulation, ~65% is in the veins, ~13% in the arteries, and ~7% in the systemic arterioles and capillaries.

A

systemic circulation

heart and lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

What have greater cross sectional areas, veins or arteries?

A

veins

58
Q

Blood flow velocity is (blank) in the aorta (small cross-sectional area) than in the sum of all of the capillaries (large cross-sectional area)

A

higher

59
Q

(blank) is directly proportional to blood flow and inversely proportional to the cross-sectional area at any level of the cardiovascular system.

A

Velocity

60
Q

What is the equation for velocity of blood flow?

A

V=Q/A

61
Q

Velocity of blood is inversely proportional to the (blank).

A

cross-sectional area

62
Q

(blank) is the force exerted by the blood against any unit area of the vessel wall.

A

Blood pressure

63
Q

The contractions of the heart produce (blank) in the aorta.

A

hemodynamic pressure

64
Q

Greatest pressure drops at what point?

A

the arterioles due to branching and high resistance of these blood vessels

65
Q

(blank) stretches blood vessels in proportion to their compliance.

A

Intravascular pressure

66
Q

As blood flows through the systemic circulation, pressure (blank) progressively because of the resistance to blood flow.

A

decreases

67
Q

The largest decrease in pressure occurs across the (blank) because they are the site of the highest resistance.

A

arterioles

68
Q

Because the heart pumps blood continually into the aorta, the mean arterial pressure in the aorta is (blank) , averaging about 100 mm Hg. Also because the pumping by the heart is (blank) , the arterial pressure fluctuates between a systolic pressure level of 120 mm Hg and a diastolic pressure level of 80 mm Hg.

A

high

pulsatile

69
Q

Arterial pressure is (blank).

A

pulsatile

70
Q

Pulsatile pressure is progressively dampened by the (blank) of the arterial walls (compliance) and the functional resistance of the small arteries and arterioles, so that capillary blood flow is essentially nonpulsatile.

A

elasticity

71
Q

The difference between the peak arterial pressure of systole and the arteriole pressure of diastole (pulse pressure) is damped over the course of the arterial tree due to what?

A

compliance of the arterial
vessel walls
resistance to flow as vessel
diameter become smaller

72
Q

What is this called:
Reducation of pulse pressure due to
-compliance of the arterial vessel walls
-resistance to flow as vessel diameter become smaller

A

hydralic filter effect

73
Q

If you are unable to dampen pulsatile flow, what may occur?

A

graves’ disease

74
Q

What disease does this describe:
hyperthyroidism
elevated basal metabolism
arteriolar vasodilation
reduced arteriolar resistance
the dampening effect on the pulsatile arterial pressure is diminished
pulsatile flow in the capillaries is observed in the finger nail beds

A

Graves’ disaese

75
Q

Is arterial pressure constant during the cardiac cycle?

A

no

76
Q

(blank) is the highest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle. It is measured after the heart contracts (systole) and blood is ejected into the arterial system.

A

Systolic pressure

77
Q

(blank) is the lowest arterial pressure during a cardiac cycle. It is measured when the heart is relaxed (diastole) and blood is returning to the heart via the veins.

A

Diastolic pressure

78
Q

(blank) is the difference between the systolic and diastolic pressures.

A

Pulse pressure

79
Q

The most important determinant of pulse pressure is (blank) .

A

stroke volume

80
Q

As blood is ejected from the left ventricle into the arterial system, systolic pressure (blank) because of the relatively low capacitance of the arteries.

A

increases

81
Q

Because diastolic pressure remains unchanged during ventricular systole, the pulsatile pressure (blank) to the same extent as the systolic pressure.

A

increases

82
Q

The (blank) gives valuable clues about a person’s stroke volume, provided that the arterial compliance is essentially normal.

A

arterial pulse pressure

83
Q

Patients who have severe congestive heart failure or who have had a severe hemorrhage are likely to have very (blank) , because their stroke volumes are abnormally small.

A

small arterial pulse pressures

84
Q

Conversely, individuals with large stroke volumes, as in aortic regurgitation, are likely to have (blank) arterial pulse pressure.

A

increased

85
Q

Similarly, well-trained athletes at rest tend to have (blank) stroke volumes because their heart rates are usually low. The prolonged ventricular filling times in these individuals induce the ventricles to pump a large stroke volume, and hence their pulse pressures are large.

A

large

86
Q

The pulse pressure is dampened over the course of the arterial wall tree due to what?

A

(i) compliance of the arterial vessel wall, and (ii) resistance to flow as vessel diameter becomes smaller

87
Q

Decreases in compliance, such as those that occur with the aging process, cause (blank) in pulse pressure.

A

increase

88
Q

(blank) is the average arterial pressure with respect to time.

A

Mean arterial pressure (MAP)

89
Q

What is the equation to determine MAP?

A

1/3 systolic pressure and 2/3 diastolic pressure

90
Q

(blank) is very low. Veins have a high capacitance and can hold large volumes of blood at lower pressure.

A

venous pressure

91
Q

(blank) is even lower than the venous pressure. Left atrial pressure is estimated by the pulmonary wedge pressure. A catheter, inserted into the smallest branches of the pulmonary artery, makes almost direct contact with the pulmonary capillaries. The measured pulmonary capillary pressure is approximately equal to the left atrial pressure.

A

Atrial pressure

92
Q

blood flows when pressure exceeds (blank)

A

resistance

93
Q

What is ohms law?

A 
Blood flow (q)=dP(pressure gradient)/Resistance
Or Q=(mean arterial pressure)/resistance
94
Q

The blood flow is directly proportional to the (blank) and inversely proportional to the (blank).

A

pressure difference, resistance

95
Q

When does Ohm’s law of hydrodynamics work?

A

any instant of time, regardless of how simple or how complicated the circuit.

96
Q

The pressure gradient (detaP or dP), not the absolute pressure (!), drives (blank) . Thus, blood flows from high pressure to low pressure.

A

blood flow

97
Q

The (blank) determines flow.

A

The pressure difference

98
Q

(blank) is the total quantity of blood that can be stored in a given portion of the circulation for each mm Hg pressure rise.

A

Compliance (capacitance)

99
Q

What is the equation of capacitance or compliance?

A

C = dV / dP

100
Q

Capacitance is much greater for (blank) than (blank)

A

veins, arteries

101
Q

Capacitance (compliance) describes the (blank) of blood vessels

A

distensibility

102
Q

Blood vessels are elastic, and they expand when the blood in them is (blank) .

A

under pressure

103
Q

(blank) is determined in large part by the relative proportion of elastin fibers versus smooth muscle and collagen in the vessel wall

A

Capacitance

104
Q

In older adults, are their aortic pressure higher or lower/

A

higher because arteriesbecome stiffer and less distensible

105
Q

(blank) is caused by the formation of multiple plaques within the arteries. Arteriosclerosis (“hardening of the artery”) results from a deposition of tough, rigid collagen inside the vessel wall and around the atheroma. This increases the stiffness and decreases the elasticity of the artery wall.

A

atherosclerosis

106
Q

(blank) is the force that impedes blood through the system

A

resistance

107
Q

What are the factors that hcange the resistance of blood vessels?

A

R= viscosity X vessel length/ radius ^4

108
Q

In the body, the viscosity of the blood or the length of the blood vessel cannot be easily changed from moment to moment. On the other hand, the (blank) of the vessels is constantly changing, and hence the vessel diameter is the major determinant of resistance.

A

radius

109
Q

(blank) pressure increases the tissue flow due to increased force and vascular wall distention

A

Increased pressure

110
Q

Inhibition of (blank) activity greatly dilates the vessels and can increase the blood flow twofold or more. Conversely, very strong (blank) stimulation can constrict the vessels so much that blood flow occasionally decreases to as low as zero for a few seconds despite high arterial pressure.

A

Inhibition of sympathetic

sympathetic

111
Q

An increase in arterial pressure would cause a proportionate increase in (blank) through the various tissues of the body.

A

blood flow

112
Q

An increase in arterial pressure not only increases the force that pushes blood through the vessel but also distends the vessels at the same time, which (blank)

A

decreases vascular resistance.

113
Q

(blank) resistance is illustrated in the systemic circulation

A

parallel

114
Q

In parallel resistances: the total resistance is less than the resistance of any of the individual (blank)

A

arteries

115
Q

Each artery in parallel receives a fraction of the total (blank)

A

blood flow

116
Q

In each parallel artery, the pressure is the (blank)

A

same

117
Q

Each organ is supplied by an artery that branches off the aorta. This exhibits what kind of resistance

A

parallel

118
Q

(blank) is illustrated by the arrangements of blood vessels within a given organ.Each organ is supplied by a large artery, smaller arteries, arterioles, capillaries, and veins arranged in series. The largest proportion of resistance in this series is contributed by the (blank) .

A

series resistance

arterioles

119
Q

Blood flow through all portions of a closed system that are arranged in series must be the (blank)

A

same

120
Q

Blood flow through individual vessels arranged in parallel must add up to the (blank) through the system

A

total blood flow

121
Q

what is the complete resistance that blood encounters as it flows from the arterial to the venous side of the circulation?

A

total peripheral resistance

122
Q

What is the resistance that the blood encounters as it flows from the capillaries back to the heart.

A

venous resistance

123
Q

(blank) is fluid’s resistance to flow, “thickness” or internal friction of the fluid.

A

viscosity

124
Q

The greater the viscosity, the (blank) the flow in a vessel if all other factors are constant.

A

less

125
Q

(blank)= the percentage of the blood that is cells
~ 42 (men)
~ 38 (women)

A

hematocrit

126
Q

What is this;

(increased number of red blood cells). The apparent viscosity in this condition is increased more than twofold.

A

polycytemia vera

127
Q

The viscosity of normal blood is about (blank) times as great as the viscosity of water (it is mainly due to the large number of red blood cells).

A

three

128
Q

At relatively low hematocrits,
viscosity is (blank) compared
to plasma, because of
the stickiness of red blood cells.

A

still higher

129
Q

At higher hematocrits,

viscosity increases because of (blank).

A

cell deformation

130
Q

(blank) is streamlined (on a straight line), with each layer of blood remaining the same distance from the wall; also the central portion of the blood stays in the center of the vessel. When laminar flow occurs, the velocity of flow in the center of the vessel is far greater than that toward the outer edges.

A

Laminar flow (like a cone)

131
Q

(blank) is proportional to driving pressure only under laminar flow conditions.

A

Flow

132
Q 
In streamline (or laminar) flow,
(blank) slip over each other, with the highest velocity occurring at the center of the blood vessel and the lowest at vessel wall.
A

concentric rings of fluid

133
Q

As the flow rate increases, red blood cells move toward the (blank) of the blood vessel (axial streaming), where velocity is highest. Axial streaming of red blood cells lowers the apparent (blank) of blood.

A

center

viscosity

134
Q

In (blank) the blood flows in all directions in the vessel; the fastest velocities are not necessarily in the middle of the stream

A

turbulent flow

135
Q

Blood flow is proportional to the pressure gradient until a critical velocity is reached and (blank) results. Because energy is lost in the turbulence, flow does not increase as much for a given rise in pressure after the critical velocity is exceeded.

A

turbulent flow

136
Q

Reynolds number (and therefore turbulence) is increased by what two things?

A

decreased blood viscosity

increased blood velocity

137
Q

The point at which flow changes from laminar (smooth) to turbulent is a function of (blank) expressed in the relationship that became known as the Reynolds number (Ng). This relationship is equally valid for blood moving in the vessels of living organisms and for water moving in pipes.

A

fluid density, viscosity, and velocity and of the diameter of the vessel

138
Q

The blood flow to each tissue of the body is almost always precisely controlled in relation to (blank)

A

tissue needs.

139
Q

(blank) is controlled mainly by the sum of all the local tissue flows.

A

The cardiac output

140
Q

In general, the (blank) is controlled independently of either local blood flow control or cardiac output control.

A

arterial pressure

Block 2 Week 2 (5 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions