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Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 1 > overview of carbs, proteins, and lipid metabolism > Flashcards

overview of carbs, proteins, and lipid metabolism Flashcards

1
Q

what are the components of carbs

A
  • carbs are major component of plant tissue
  • makes up 60-90% DM
  • major source of energy in diet
  • different types of carbs deposited in plant tissue
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2
Q

what are the functions of carbs

A
  • metabolized to glucose and glycogen - major source of energy
  • protein sparing effect
  • CHO stored as glycogen
  • CHO help to oxidize proteins and fats
  • aid in absorption of Ca and P
  • maintain glucose level of plasma
  • aid in peristaltic movements of food
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3
Q

how are CHO classified

A
  • monosaccharides
  • oligosaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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4
Q

what are monosaccharides

A

simple sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler compounds

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5
Q

how are monosaccharides further classified

A

triose, tetrose, pentose, hexoses - based on number of carbon atoms

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6
Q

what are the common monosaccharides in animal tissue

A

pentoses and hexoses

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7
Q

what does glucose contain

A

an aldehyde stucture

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8
Q

what does fructose contain

A

a ketone group

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9
Q

what are the three important hexoses

A

glucose, fructose and galactose

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10
Q

how do you tell the difference between an alpha glucose and beta glucose

A

based on the position of the OH, alpha is facing down and beta is up

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11
Q

what are disaccharides

A

formed when monosaccharides are bonded together by a glycosidic (covalent) bond

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12
Q

what type of glycosidic linkage is easier to digest

A

alpha linkage

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13
Q

what are oligosacchardies

A
  • 3 to 15 monosaccharides are bonded together
  • prebiotics to promote bacteria and gut health
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14
Q

what are polysaccharides

A

large polymers of simple sugars

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15
Q

how are polysaccharides stored

A
  • in plant cells a - starch in grains
  • animal cells - glycogen
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16
Q

what type of CHO is the main source in monogastrics

A

starch

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17
Q

what type of polysaccharides do ruminants use

A

cellulose and hemicellulose

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18
Q

where is the primary site of CHO digestion

A

lumen of SI

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19
Q

what does pancreatic amylase digest

A

amylose

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20
Q

where are disaccharides digested

A

on the intestinal border enzymes to monosacchardies which are absorbed by enterocytes

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21
Q

how are simple sugars absorbed

A

directly in the intestinal epithelium

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22
Q

what is absorption

A

simple diffusion and/or ATP depended active transport

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23
Q

what is the first priority of absorbed glucose

A

to convert glucose to glycogen in the liver and muscle (glycogenesis)

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24
Q

what is the second priority of absorbed glucose

A

glucose oxidation for energy and fatty acid synthesis

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25
Q

how does glucose oxidation occur

A

via glycolysis and the tricarboxylic acids (krebs cycle or citric acid cycle)

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26
Q

where does glycolysis

A

cytosol

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27
Q

where does the TCA cycle occur

A

mitochondria

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28
Q

how many ATP molecules does anerobic oxidation of a glucose molecule produce

A

2

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29
Q

how many ATP molecules does aerobic oxidation of a glucose molecule produce

A

8

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30
Q

what is the TCA cycle

A

the central pathyway for CHO, protein, and fat metabolism

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31
Q

how many ATP molecules does the TCA cycle yield

A

30

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32
Q

how many ATP molecules does glycolysis and the TCA cycle yield

A

38

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33
Q

what is glycogenesis

A
  • initiated from different monosaccharides
  • in liver and muscle
  • consumes 2 ATP
  • higher glucose levels lead to glycigenesis regulated by insulin
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34
Q

what is glycigenolysis

A
  • occurs in the cytosol
  • occurs during exercise, fasting and between meals
  • reverse of glycogenesis and regulared by glucagon and adrenaline
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35
Q

what is gluconeogenesis

A

when glucose levels deplete, glucose can be synthesized from non-carbohydrate sources such as lactate, glycerol, propionate, and amino acids

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36
Q

what percent of AA are gluconeogenic

A

60%

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37
Q

in ruminants, what happens to CHO

A

they are fermented by microbes to volatile fatty acids

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38
Q

how are VFA absorbed

A

through the ruminal wall and metabolized to energy in the liver and utilized by host

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39
Q

what are the three VFA

A

acetic, propionic, and butyric acids

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40
Q

what type of epithelium does the rumen have

A

squamous epithelium which funciton similarly to the columnar epithelium in the small gut

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41
Q

acetate

A

fatty acid synthesis and converts to acetyl CoA

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42
Q

propionate

A

gluconeogenic - glucose synthesis

43
Q

butyrate

A

rumen epithelial cells convert to ketone

44
Q

what are lipids

A
  • organic compounds and esters of fatty acids and glycerol
  • insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents - ether
  • plant derived lipids are vegetable oils
  • presented as simple lipids or complex lipids
  • dietary are fats and oils
45
Q

what are the functions of lipids

A
  • energy
  • carrier of fatty acids and fat-soluble vitamins
  • structure (cholesterol)
  • heat regulation
  • protection
46
Q

what is the main constituent for lipids

A

fatty acids

47
Q

what do fatty acids include

A

hydrophilic carboxyl group and hyrophobic methyl group

48
Q

saturated fats

A

all bonds are saturated - solids

49
Q

unsaturated fats

A

mono and polyunsaturated fats based on number of double bonds

50
Q

what are PUFAs

A
  • fatty acids contain more than 2 double bonds
  • structure can fold due to presence of double bonds
  • term omega to denote the position of double bonds
51
Q

what are the two types of PUFAs

A

omega 6 and omega 3

52
Q

what are essential fatty acids

A

FA that cannot be sunthesized in the body and must be supplemented in the diet

53
Q

what are the 3 essential FA

A
  • linoleic
  • linolenic
  • arachidonic - essential in cats
54
Q

what are sterols

A

then most abundant steroid in the human diet

55
Q

what is cholesterol

A

best known steroid and is the precursor of many other substances such as VD, bile acids, sex hormones, and corticosteroid hormones

56
Q

what is emulsification

A

process by which large lipid molecules to small lipid droplets

57
Q

dietary lipids in ruminant diets constitute what percent

A

< 5%

58
Q

does emulsification and digestion by lipase occur in the rumen

A

no

59
Q

what do microbial lipases do

A

hydrolyze complex lipids to glycerol and FFA

60
Q

glycerol is metabolized by the rumen bacteria to___

A

propionic acid

61
Q

what is biohydrogenation

A

conversion of PUFA to saturated FA

62
Q

where does fatty acid oxidation occur

A

in the mitochondria

63
Q

what does fatty acid form

A

fatty acyl CoA in cytosol ready for transport into mitochondria

64
Q

what does carnitine act as

A

a carrier

65
Q

what happens in beta oxidation

A

2 carbonds are cleaved off at a time starting from carboxyl end

66
Q

how are lipids stored

A

as TAG which are formed in the cytosol of hepatocytes or adipose tissue in ruminants

67
Q

what do TAGs attach do and how are they mobilized

A
  • attached to lipoproteins and deposited in the blood for transport
  • lipoprotein complexes are recognized by lipoprotein lipase and the TAGs are removed and deposited as fat
68
Q

when does mobilization of lipids occur

A

when lipoprotein lipase is activated during starvation, stess, or increases in energy usage

69
Q

what hormones increase during mobolizationof lipids

A
  • glucagon and epinephrine
  • insulin is reduced and stimulated lipases
70
Q

what happens in ruminants during the transition period

lipids

A
  • fat mobilization is at its peak and may exceed the rate at which acetyl CoA enters the TCA cycle
  • during this hepatic synthesis of ketone bodies occurs
71
Q

what is the basic unit of lipids

A

Triacyl glycerol

72
Q

lipids are transported as ____ and absorbed as ___

A

micelles; chylomicrons

73
Q

what is good and bad cholesterol

A

HDL, LDL

74
Q

what is the end product of B-oxidation

A

acetyl CoA

75
Q

what are proteins

A
  • organic compounds made up of amino acids joined by peptide bonds
  • nitrogen makes proteins very unique in animal nutrition
76
Q

dipeptide

A

two amino acids joined by one peptide bond

77
Q

tripeptide

A

three amino acids joined by two peptide bonds

78
Q

polypeptide

A

a peptide with more than ten amino acids

79
Q

how is the structure of a protein determined

A

by the sequence of individual amino acids it has in the polypeptide chain - called the primary structure of a protein

80
Q

what are the functions of proteins

A
  • major structural component of animal tissues
  • involved in biochemical, immunological, transportational and other regulatory activities
  • can provide energy
81
Q

how do ruminants get protein

A

microbes synthesize microbial protein from non protein sources

82
Q

what are globular proteins and examples

A
  • soluble in water or dilute acids, bases or alcohol
  • albumin and globulin
83
Q

what are fibrous proteins and examples

A
  • insoluble in water and are resistant to digestive enzymes
  • keratins and collagen
84
Q

what are conjugated proteins and examples

A
  • contain other nonprotein compounds in structure
  • lipoproteins, hemoproteins, glycoproteins, nucleoproteins
85
Q

what are amino acids

A
  • bulding blocks of proteins
  • composed of an amino group and carboxyl group
  • 10 essentual AA that the animal body cannot synthesize and need to be supplemented in the diet
86
Q

what do acidic amino acids contain more of

A

carboxyl groups

87
Q

what do basic amino acids contain more of

A

amino groups

88
Q

what are S-containing amino acids

A

methionine and cysteine

89
Q

what are imino acids

A

contain an imino instead of an amino group - proline

90
Q

what are essential amino acids

A

animal body cannot synthesize some AA or not in the amount that is needed for body requirements

91
Q

why don’t ruminants need EAA

A

because they are synthesized by rumen microbes

92
Q

how is protein digested in monogastrics

A

involves denaturationto expose peptide bonds and then hydrolysis to release free amino acids

93
Q

protein digestion in ruminants

A
  • protein breakdown and microbial protein synthesis
  • to maximize rumen function, readily available CHO and RDP must be balanced
94
Q

what is the fate of absorbed proteins

A

used for anabolic purposes such synthesis of nonessential AA, tissue protein synthesis, enzyme or hormone synthesis, deamination or transamination

95
Q

where is the major site of AA metabolism

A

liver

96
Q

transamination

A
  • an amino group from AA is transferred to organic acid to synthesize a new amino acid
  • mediated by VB6
97
Q

deamination

A

removal of amino group

98
Q

all amino acids exept which are glucogenic

A

leucine and lysine

99
Q

what are leucine and lysine

A

stricky ketogenic amino acids and can provide acetyl CoA as an energy source

100
Q

which amino acids are glucogenic and ketogenic

A

isoleucine, phenylalanine, tyrosine, tryptophan

101
Q

what are amino acids used for

A
  • energy
  • glucose synthesis
  • ketone body formation
  • fat synthesis
102
Q

where does conversion of ammonia to urea (urea cycle) occur

A

liver and kidney

103
Q

what non protein amino acids are needed for the urea cycle

A

ornithine and citrulline

Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 1 (4 decks)

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