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Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 1 > nutrient requirements > Flashcards

nutrient requirements Flashcards

1
Q

feed

A

material capable of being digested, absorbed, utilized

food - human (small animals)
feeed- animal (farm animals)

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2
Q

ration

A

daily allocation of food/feed

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3
Q

nutrients

A

metabolically useful components of food

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4
Q

nutraceuticals

A

factors in feeds that influence health and disease independently of nutrient content

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5
Q

prebiotics and probiotics

A

nutritional factors to influence gut bacterial populations

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6
Q

additive

A

substance purposely put into feeds to give a disirable characteristic

color, flavor, resistance to oxidation and spolage, texture, stability

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7
Q

feeding standards

A

guidelines for the daily allowance of nutrients to meet animal requirements

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8
Q

nutrient requirements

A

tables list amounds of nutrients needed daily for different functions and also as a % of the ration

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9
Q

nutrient allowances

A

safety margin to compensate for variance in nutrient availability and in requirements between individuals

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10
Q

demonstration of adverse effects

A

on the animal when that substance is absent from the diet

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11
Q

establish a minimum requirement

A

minimal dietary amount that will maintain normal function

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12
Q

essential nutrients must be supplied in the diet

A
  • species dependent
  • vitamin C - only essential in primates, guinea pigs, fruit-eating bat, some fish & bird
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13
Q

what are balance trials

combine digestion with animal utilization

A
  • account for total losses of a nutrient from the body after ingestion of a known amount
  • collect feces, urine, and gasses
  • measure animal response
  • determine feed utilization and animal requirement
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14
Q

how do you measure animal response

A
  • weight change
  • growth, milk production, etc.
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15
Q

what is adequate nutriton - daily allowance

A
  • safety factor above requirements designed to meet the needs of 97-98% of a population of animals
  • allowances are included in feed standard guidelines
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16
Q

essential nutrients - energy sources

A
  • carbohydrates - 4.1 kcal/g
  • fats (fatty acids) - 9.4 kcal/g
  • protein (amino acids) - 5.6 kcal/g
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17
Q

essential nutrients - non energy sources

A
  • minerals
  • vitamins
  • water
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18
Q

what are macronutrients

A
  • required in large amounts in diets ( gm or kg, expressed as % of ration)
  • include: carbohydrates, protein, fat, water
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19
Q

what are micronutrients

A
  • required in smaller amounts in diets (mg or less, % or ppm of ration)
  • include; macro and micro minerals, water and fat soluble vitamins
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20
Q

what is feed intake times the concentration

A

the amound consumed each day

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21
Q

how is the concentration in diet expressed

A
  • % of diet
  • on a dry matter or as fed basis
  • ration of nutrients to energy content
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22
Q

what are energy systems

A
  • total digestible nutrients
  • digestible energy
  • metabolizable energy
  • net energy system
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23
Q

what are protein systems

A
  • crude protein
  • digestible protein
  • metabolizable protein
  • net amino acid utilization
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24
Q

what percent of gross energy intake is used for net processes

A

30%

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25
what is prehension
intake of feed
26
what is prehension influenced by
* palatability of feedstuffs * buccal cavity - teeth, tongue, mouth * social factors - animal grouping * availability of feed * frequency of feeding * feeding surface * water availability
27
what is the digestive system of carnivores
* short GI tract * low fiber diets * highly digestible diets
28
what is the digestive system of omnivores
* enlarged cecum and large intestine * utilize some fiber in diet * varying digestibility
29
what is the digestive system of herbivores
* enlarged foregut or hindgut * extensive fiber in diet * low digestibility
30
digestion
preparation of food for absorption
31
digestibility
disappearance of food form the GI tract
32
what is digestibility influenced by
* ingredient selection * passage rate - a funciton of intake * frequency of feeding * processing and preparation * digestive disturbances * species and breeds
33
how to measure digestibility
collection of feces * indigestible feed residue * endogenous fecal losses (secretion of enzymes, mucus, sloughing of intestinal cells, bacterial cell residues)
34
what is energy requirement
* total oxidation of carbohydrate, lipids and amino acids per day * include requirements for ingestion, digestion, and absorption of nutrients and excretion of waste products in addition to tissue metabolism
35
how can all energy metabolism be measured
as heat production
36
where is metabolizable energy derived from
oxidation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids
37
what is resting metabolic rate (RBM)
energy metabolism of a resting, post absorptive subject in TN environment
38
what is rate of energy a function of
body surface area or metabolic size
39
what is direct calorimetry
* measurement of heat production * not easy - account for all methods of heat loss
40
what is indirect calorimetry
* calculate heat production based on respiratory gasses measured over a unit of time * oxygen consumption * CO2 production
41
what is respiratory quotient
ratio of carbon dioxide produced to oxygen consumed | RQ = CO2 eliminated / O2 consumed
42
what is oxygen consumption
* energy per liter O2 consumption * depends on substrate
43
RQ < 0.70
fat utilized for energy
44
RQ > 1.0
fat synthesized from carbohydrates
45
what is the equation for resting metaboluc rate
70 x kgWt^0.75
46
what is maintenance energy requirement
* add factors for activity * acquiring, digesting and absorbing food * waste formation and excretion * physiologic state - lactating, growing | this is an approximation, twice metabolic rate
47
what are maintenance losses of protein
* urinary endogenous losses * scurf losses * fecal endogenous losses
48
what is the average content of N in protein
16%
49
what is CP
all nitrogenous substances in feed
50
taurine
* free amino acid in several tissues * bile, neurotranmitter, neuromodulator, retinal structure * essential in cats
51
arginine
* urea cycle * essentual for kittens, puppies, cats and dogs
52
glutamine/glutamate
* citric acid cycle, transamination reactions, NADPHm GABA * conditions may affect endogenous storage and synthesis
53
what is the first limiting amino acid
* amount of this amino acid limits performance * supplying more will improve performance * however, then another amino acid may become limiting
54
what is protein quality
* ability of a particular protein to supply a balanced pattern of indespensable amino acids
55
what is biological value
* BV = urinary N * the lower the urinary loss the higher the BV * if urinary N = 0 then BV = 1 * lower urinary N, the lower the metabolism of amino acids for other uses
56
what is the percent digestibility of protein
high - >80%
57
how does maillard reactions reduce digestibility
* excessive heating * nonenzymatic browning reactions * reaction with reducing sugars forming covalent bonds with free amino groups * products are indigestible
58
lipids
* dense energy source * essentual fatty acids * carrier for absorption of fat soluble vitamins
59
what are dietary essential FA
* linoleic acid * linolenic acid * arachidonic acid
60
what FA come from fish
* eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acids * highly unsaturated FA * important in brain and retinal function
61
what is the dietary minimum requirement of lipids
* 1% of diet dry matter * total dietary fat should be at least 1 to 2% of dry matter for absorption of fat soluble vitamins
62
how digestible are lipids
* >90% * depends on fatty acid content
63
how absorpable are lipids
* polyunsaturated > saturated * decreases with increasing chain length
64
what are the functions of minerals
* structural components * constituents of body fluids * catalysts and cofactors in enzyme systems
65
what are vitamins
* organic compound * essential part of diet * small inclusion * absence causes a deficiency syndrome * must not be synthesized in quantities sifficient to support nomral physiologic functions
66
what are the fat and water soluble vitamins
* fat - A, D, E, K * water - B and C

Digestion and Metabolism - Wk 1 (4 decks)

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