Overview of bacteria and viruses Flashcards
What are the missing labels?
define spheroplasts
Partially removed cell wall
Define protoplasts
cell wall entirely removed
Define L-form
Bacteria that lack cell walls
Define the state of being of endospores
They are resting or dormant structures
What is a slime layer or capsule?
Gel like layer outside the capsule
What is the difference between a capsule and slime layer?
Capsule: well organised and not easily washed off
Slime layer: a zone of diffuse, uroganised material that is washed off easily
What is a flagellum?
What does it do?
What is it made up of?
Long thing filament, several micrometers from cell
Aid in bacterial motility
Made up of helices of ‘flaggelin’ protein
What are fimbriae/pilli?
What do they do?
Where are they made up of?
Appendages tend to be found in G-ve bacteria
Aid in bacterial adhesion - ree-floating bacteria initiate attachment to host cells by extending their pili towards the apical surface of host cells
Made up of helices of ‘pilin’ protein
What is a biofilm?
Community
Bacteria are attached to a substratum or interface or to each other Embedded in a matrix of extracellular polymeric substances Altered phenotype (i.e. growth rate and gene transcription)
Why are biofilms a problem for humans?
Up to 1,000 times more resistant to antimicrobial treatments Are responsible for >80% of microbial infections in humans
Fungi are what type of cell?
Where are they found?
Are they pathogenic?
Eukaryotic
Ubiquitous
Only few are pathogenic to humans (approximately 200 species)
How are fungi classified?
Classified as yeast or moulds based on growth characteristics - some are dimorphic
How do fungi reproduce?
A major classification of fungi is dependent on 2 things, what are they?
How do most of human pathogenic fungi reproduce?
Sexual of asexual means
Nature of sexual spores and seperation of hyphae
Asexually, classified as fungi imperfecti
Where are oppurtunistic fungi found?
In which individuals do they cause disease?
Environment or normal human microflora
Immunocompromised hosts
