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Virology > Overview II > Flashcards

Overview II Flashcards

1
Q

Which hepatitis virus is DNA based?

A

HBV

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2
Q

How are hepatitis A and E transmitted?

A

Fecal-oral route

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3
Q

How are hepatitis B, C, D transmitted?

A

Blood-to-blood contact

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4
Q

What hepatitis viruses can cause acute hepatitis?

A

All forms

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5
Q

Which hepatitis viruses can cause chronic hepatitis?

A

B, C, D

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6
Q

Symptoms of acute hepatitis

A
  • Flu
  • Fatigue, fever
  • Cough, runny nose, pharyngitis
  • Jaundice after 1-2 weeks
  • Painful, enlarged liver
  • Will have ↑ AST, ALT, GGT, Alk phos
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7
Q

Why is chronic hepatitis harder to diagnose?

A
  • Typically asymptomatic
  • Might have large, tender liver
  • Might have ↑ liver function tests
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8
Q

Viral hepatitis usually causes what liver functions to elevate the most?

A
  • AST and ALT
  • This is because virus takes over and damages hepatocytes
  • Other levels will he higher, later in the infection
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9
Q

What is genetic material of HAV?

A
  • (+) RNA

* Picorna family

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10
Q

Who is infected with HAV?

A
  • Huge numbers of people
  • Only 5% develop chronic
  • Very few people die from this
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11
Q

What antibodies are used for hepatitis viruses?

A
  • IgM first

* IgG second

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12
Q

What is structure of HBV?

A
  • Enveloped
  • Icosahedral
  • dsDNA
  • HBsAG (Hep B surface antigens)
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13
Q

How do Hep B antibodies work?

A
  • Act against HBsAG
  • If these are removed, Ab is ineffective
  • There are HBcAG (core) but these are not protective
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14
Q

What is the marker for active HBV disease?

A

Cleaved HBsAG

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15
Q

How can a pregnant mother transmit HBV to child?

A
  • 90% through blood

* 10% through birth canal

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16
Q

What types of hepatitis can HBV cause?

A

• Acute
• Fulminant → severe acute with rapid liver destruction
• Chronic
-Asympotomatic → no liver injury
-Chronic-persistent → low grade “smoldering” hepatitis
-Chronic-active → acute without normal recovery
-Co-infection with HDV

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17
Q

What is common sequela of HBV?

A

Primary hepatocellular carcinoma

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18
Q

What can you give to a patient infected with HBV?

A

• Lamivudine (anti-HIV)
-Most PTs have relapse if drug is discontinued
• IFN-α → helps prevent cirrhosis

19
Q

What does HDV need to replicate?

A

• An envelope form HBV

20
Q

How can HDV cause a superinfection?

A
  • Occurs in a person with HBV already

* Acute on chronic hepatitis → can lead to fulminant hepatitis

21
Q

What is structure of HCV?

A
  • RNA
  • Enveloped
  • Icosahedral
  • Probably a flavivirus
22
Q

What is the huge concern with HCV infection?

A
  • Cirrhosis

* 50% of PTs develop

23
Q

What is structure of HEV?

A
  • Probably calcivirus
  • ssRNA
  • Naked
24
Q

Where can most herptic viruses reside?

A
  • In sensory ganglia

* Can migrate out and cause destruction

25
Q
  • What class of herpes viruses cause cell damage?

* What viruses are in this family?

A

• Αlpha class
-HSV 1 and 2
-Varicella-zoster
• Causes separation of epithelium → blistering
-All have multinucleated giant cells

26
Q
  • What class of herpes viruses don’t cause cell damage?

* What viruses are in this family?

A

• Gamma group
-Epstein-Barr
• Βeta group
-CMV

27
Q

What are some common clinical conditions caused by HSV-1?

A
  • Gingivostomatosis
  • Herpetic keratitis
  • Encephalitis
  • Cold sores
28
Q

What is gingivostomatosis?

A
  • Painful swollen gums and mucous membranes with vesicles

* Can have fever and systemic symptoms

29
Q

What is the most common cause of corneal blindness in the USA?

A
  • Herpetic keratitis

* HSV-1

30
Q

What is the most common cause of viral encephalitis in the USA?

A
  • HSV-1
  • Cell death and brain swelling
  • Fever and focal neurological abnormalities
31
Q

What is the common clinical manifestation of HSV-2?

A
  • Vesicles on genitalia

* Often with burning, itching with urination

32
Q

How can a pregnant mother pass herpes on to her baby?

A
  • Via placenta

* Via birth canal if active infection

33
Q

Where does varicella replicate?

A
  • Respiratory tracts

* Followed by viremia

34
Q

Describe a chickenpox rash?

A
  • Dew on a rose petal
  • Red base with fluid filled vesicles on top
  • Rash is in different stages throughout the body!
35
Q

What are sequela of primary varicella in adults and immunocompromised PTs?

A
  • Pneumonia

* Encephalitis

36
Q

Can CMV cross the placenta?

A
  • Yes
  • Part of TORCHES
  • Most common viral cause of mental retardation, other congenital disorders
37
Q

How common is CMV?

A
  • 80% of adults have antibodies

* Majority of adults are asymptomatic

38
Q

What can CMV cause in young adults?

A

A mononucleosis-like illness

39
Q

If CMV is reactivated in an immunocompromised adult, what might you see?

A
  • Retinitis (blindness)
  • Pneumonia (severe)
  • Disseminated infection
  • Even death
40
Q

What does EBV attack?

A
  • B cells
  • Binds to C3d receptor (complement) and then internalized
  • These cells proliferate
41
Q

What cancers is EBV implicated in?

A
  • Burkitt’s lymphoma

* B-cell lymphoma

42
Q

What are symptoms of mononucleosis?

A
  • Fever, chills
  • Headache
  • Sweats
  • Very painful pharyngitis
  • Enlarged lymphnodes and spleen (due to B-cell proliferation)
43
Q

What would CBC for mononucleosis show?

A

High white count with atypical lymphocytes

Virology (4 decks)

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