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Virology > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What do all (-) RNA viruses need?

A

• RNA dependent RNA polymerase
-This is carried by virus
-Human cells do not have this
• Envelope

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2
Q
  • What enzyme do retroviruses uses?

* How does this work?

A
  • Reverse transcriptase

* RNA is transcribed into DNA

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3
Q

In a dsDNA virus, which strand of DNA is used for transcription?

A

(+) strand

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4
Q

What are the two shapes of capsids?

A
  1. Icosahedral

2. Helical

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5
Q

What are all helical symmetry capsids bound to?

A

RNA (because RNA viruses have helical symmetry)

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6
Q

What two shapes can an RNA virus take?

A
  • Icosahedral

* Helical

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7
Q

What are the six DNA viruses?

A

HHAPPPy

  1. Herpes
  2. Hepadna
  3. Adeno
  4. Papova
  5. Parvo
  6. Pox
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8
Q

What DNA virus is not like the others in terms of it’s genetic material?

A
  • Parvo

* it is ssDNA

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9
Q

What DNA virus is not like the others in terms of it’s shape?

A
  • Pox

* It’s box-like

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10
Q
  • Where do all DNA viruses replicate?

* What is the exception?

A
  • Nucleus

* Pox virus → in cytoplasm

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11
Q

Three enveloped DNA viruses?

A
  1. Herpes
  2. Hepadna
  3. Pox
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12
Q

Three naked DNA viruses?

A
  1. Papova
  2. Adeno
  3. Parvo
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13
Q

What is the genetic make up of most RNA viruses?

A

Most are single stranded (half (+), half (-))

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14
Q

What one RNA virus is double stranded?

A

Reoviridae

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15
Q

Where do most RNA viruses replicate?

A

Cytoplasm

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16
Q

What are the 12 RNA viruses?

A
  1. Toga
  2. Corona
  3. Retro
  4. Picorna
  5. Calici
  6. Reo
  7. Orthomyxo
  8. Paramyxo
  9. Rhabdo
  10. Bunya
  11. Arena
  12. Fibo
  13. Flavi might be one?
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17
Q

What three RNA viruses are naked?

A
  1. Picorna
  2. Calici
  3. Reo
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18
Q

What five RNA viruses are icosahedral?

A
  1. Reo
  2. Picorna
  3. Toga
  4. Flavi
  5. Calici
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19
Q

What two RNA viruses undergo replication in the nucleus?

A
  1. Retro

2. Orthomyxo

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20
Q

Which RNA virus does not carry an RNA dependent RNA polymerase?

A

(+) RNA

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21
Q
  • What do orthomyxo viruses cause?
  • Where in the body does this replicate?
  • Where in the cell does this replicate?
A
  • (Ordinary) flu
  • Pneumonia
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Nucleus
22
Q
  • What do paramyxo viruses cause?
  • Where in the body does this replicate?
  • Where in the cell does this replicate?
A
  • Influenza-like virus
  • Parainfluenza, measles, mumps, respiratory syncitial virus
  • Upper respiratory tract
  • Cytoplasm
23
Q

Structure of orthomyxo virus?

A
  • (-) RNA, segmented
  • Enveloped (because (-) RNA)
  • Helical
  • HA, NA
  • M-protein
24
Q

How does hemagglutinin affect host cells?

A

• Attaches to sialic acid receptors (on RBCs)
-Cause heme-agglutination
• Attaches to sialic acid repectors (URT)
-Fusion of host cell and virion membranes
-Virion genetic material is adsorbed

25
Q

How does neuramindase affect host cells?

A
  • Neuraminic acid important in mucin
  • NA cleaves this
  • Exposes sialic acid underneath (which HA binds to)
26
Q

What types of influenza affect humans?

A
  • A → animals, humans, mammals

* B, C → humans only

27
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A
  • Small changes that occur during viral replication

* Leads to milder disease than antigenic shift because we have partially active antibodies

28
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A
  • Huge changes in HA and NA

* Only occurs with type A influenza (because has to be between animal and human strains)

29
Q

Elderly and immunocompromised are at risk of sequella of influenza. What does this include?

A
  • Virus moving to LRT → viral pneumonia

* Lowered defenses → 2nd bacterial pneumonia (staph aureus, strep pneumonia)

30
Q

What is Reye’s sydnrome?

A
  • Severe reaction to ASA in children with influenza or varicella
  • Severe brain and liver disease
31
Q

What class of viruses does influenza fall into?

A

Orthomyxo

32
Q

What meds can you give for influenza?

A

• Amantadine and Rimantidine
-Both prevent uncoating of Type A
• Sanamavir and oseltamivir
-NA inhibitors

33
Q

Structure of paramyxo virus?

A 
• (-) RNA → has enveloped
• Not segmented
• HA and NA are combined in 1 spike
• Fusion (F) protein
     -Causes cells to fuse into giant mutilnucleated cells (syncitial cells)
34
Q

What is the big picture of paramyxo viruses?

A
  • Lungs → All absorb and replicate in URT (might spread to lower tract)
  • Kids → Most often affects kids
  • Viremia → Dissemination to distant sites (LRT, testicles, brain, etc)
35
Q

What are symptoms of parainfluenza virus?

A
  • Rhinitis
  • Pharyngitis
  • Sinus congestion
  • Bronchitis
  • Flu-like symptoms
  • Can become pneumonia in kids and immunocompromised
36
Q
  • What is a bad sequela of parainfluezna virus?

* What are the symptoms?

A 
• Croup
• Swelling of URT and larynx
     -Airway narrowing
     -Stridor (upper airway wheezing)
     -Barking cough
37
Q

How does RSV differ from other paramyxo viruses?

A

Lacks HA and NA

38
Q

What is the number one cause of pneumonia in children?

A

RSV

39
Q

What is the best way to deal with RSV?

A

• Treatment is not ideal (mostly supportive)
• Palivizumab is good for prevention
-Monoclonal antibody against RSV

40
Q

Where does mumps virus replicate?

A
  • URT

* Regional lymph nodes

41
Q

Where does mumps virus most often strike?

A

Parotid gland (swelling occurs after 3 weeks)

42
Q

What are sequela of mumps?

A
  • 25% of males get orchitis

* Meningitis and encephalitis can occur

43
Q

What is vaccine for mumps?

A

MMR

44
Q

What is transmission of measles?

A
  • Respiratory droplets

* Direct contact

45
Q

Where does measles replicate in the body?

A
  • URT

* Conjunctival tissue

46
Q

What can occur weeks prior to rash in measles?

A
  • High fever
  • Conjunctivitis and swelling of eyelids
  • Photophobia
  • Hacking cough
  • Rhinitis and malaise
47
Q

What occurs directly prior (1-2 days) to rash in measles?

A

• Koplic spots

-Small red based lesions with blue-white centers in the mouth

48
Q

Describe measles rash

A
  • Red rash
  • Flat to slightly bumpy (maculopapular)
  • Head → neck → torso → feet (by day 3)
  • It resolves head to toe also
49
Q

What are sequela of measles?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Eye damage
  • Myocarditis
  • Encephalitis
  • Spontaneous delivery and abortion
50
Q

Describe the possible slow nature of encephalitis caused by measles

A
  • Subacute sclerosing panencephalitis
  • Slow form of encephalitis
  • Mental deterioration and incoordination

Virology (4 decks)

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