overview and gross anatomy

Question 1

describe the process of neurulation

Answer 1

1 - notocord secretes sonic hedgehog protein SSH - causes neural plate formation
2 -somites (mesoderm) form skeleton and muscle
3 - surface ectoderm forms skin - releases bone morphogenetic protein
4 -CNS forms from neural tube
5- PNS forms from tube and neural crest
6 - notocord is incorporated into vertebral column

Question 2

how are brain vesicles formed

Answer 2

rostral neural tube forms vesicles due to hollow nature
primary vesicles develop first
differentiate into secondary vesicles

Question 3

function of cerebrospinal fluid

Answer 3

nourishment
waste removal
protects the brain

Question 4

what is the neural tube initially lined with

Answer 4

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Question 5

what are the 3 layers that the neural tube differentiates into

Answer 5

germinal
mantle
marginal

Question 6

what is in the germinal layer

Answer 6

dividing neuronal and glial progenitors

Question 7

what is in the mantle layer

Answer 7

mitotic cells in interphase or differentiating into neurones

Question 8

what is in the marginal layer

Answer 8

axons of neurones with cell bodies in mantle

Question 9

describe cerebral development

Answer 9

telencephalic vesicles form hemispheres
internal cavity forms lateral ventricles - retains communication with rest of tube via 4th ventricle
cell bodies form the mantle layer of original tube
SHH and bone morphogenetic proteins drive final arrangement

Question 10

describe cerebellum development

Answer 10

begins as lateral expansion of the alar plate which fold over roof plate to form rhombic lips
fusion in midline forms vermis
lips form hemispheres

Question 11

grey matter

Answer 11

cell bodies, dendrites and synapses

Question 12

white matter

Answer 12

axons

Question 13

nuclei

Answer 13

clusters of cell bodies in the CNS

Question 14

glial cells

Answer 14

supporting cells in the CNS

Question 15

tracts

Answer 15

bundles of axons in the CNS

Question 16

decussation

Answer 16

crossing of information from different side of the brain to the other

Question 17

what is the CNS composed of

Answer 17

brain and spinal cord

Question 18

what is the brain protected by

Answer 18

bony structures and meninges

Question 19

what are the components of the forebrain

Answer 19

cerebrum
thalamus
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
limbic system
olfactory bulb

Question 20

what are the components of the hindbrain

Answer 20

pons
medulla oblongata
cerebellum

Question 21

gyri

Answer 21

ridges in cerebrum

Question 22

sulci

Answer 22

furrows in cerebrum

Question 23

folia

Answer 23

folds in cerebellum

Question 24

frontal lobe functions

Answer 24

thinking
speaking
memory
movement

Question 25

parietal lobe functions

Answer 25

language touch taste smell

Question 26

occipital lobe functions

Answer 26

vision, colour, letters, left and right

Question 27

cerebellum functions

Answer 27

balance coordination

Question 28

brain stem functions

Answer 28

breathing heart rate temperature blood pressure

Question 29

temporal lobe functions

Answer 29

hearing learning feelings fear

Question 30

function of ventricles

Answer 30

communicate with central canal in spinal cord

Question 31

function of limbic system

Answer 31

series of tracts and nuclei key to emotion, learning and memory

Question 32

function of basal nuclei

Answer 32

involved in planning and executing movements

Question 33

function of thalamus

Answer 33

relay point for all sensory information coming into the brain also involved in sleep and wakefulness

Question 34

function of hypothalamus

Answer 34

connects the endocrine and nervous systems and also has important role in behaviour as it forms part of limbic system

Question 35

what is holoprosencephaly

Answer 35

forebrain fails to divide