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CVPR Unit 1 > Overview & Anatomy > Flashcards

Overview & Anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the functions of the CV system?

A
  • distributes dissolved gases & nutrients.
  • removes metabolic waste
  • contributes to systemic homeostasis (controlling temp, O2 supply, pH, ionic composition, nutrient supply)
  • quickly adapts to changes in conditions and metabolic demands
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2
Q

T or F: right & left heart arranged “in series”

A

True

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3
Q

T or F: Systemic circulation is primarily arranged “in parallel.”

A

True, oxygenated blood visits only one organ system before returning to pulmonary circulation (Exception: hepatic circulation)

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4
Q

T or F: Changes in metabolic demand or blood flow in one organ significantly affect other organs

A

False, due to the “parallel” arrangement of systemic circulation, other organs are not significantly affected.

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5
Q

List the 3 major layers of the heart

A
  • epicardium (outer membrane = connective tissue & fat)
  • myocardium (thick muscle layer)
  • endocardium(inner membrane= endothelial cells, as in vessels).
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6
Q

What is the function of the pericardium?

A

Stiff & non-compliant, resists sudden distension of chambers. fluid-filled membranous sac, not connected to walls of heart

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7
Q

What are the 4 chambers of the heart?

A
  • 2 atria (supply ventricles with blood)

- 2 ventricles (Left is bigger, supplies higher pressure to systemic circulation)

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8
Q

What are the 4 vessels of the heart?

A
  • Vena cavae (superior & inferior): inlet vessel(s) into right atrium
  • Pulmonary Artery – outlet vessel from right ventricle
  • Pulmonary Vein – inlet vessel into left atrium
  • Aorta – outlet from left ventricle
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9
Q

What are the 4 valves of the heart?

A
  • Tricuspid valve – between right atrium & right ventricle
  • Pulmonic valve – between right ventricle & pulmonary artery
  • Mitral valve – between left atrium & left ventricle
  • Aortic valve – between left ventricle & aorta
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10
Q

What are the atrioventricular valves?

A

Tricuspid & mitral valves, between atria & ventricles

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11
Q

What are the semilunar valves?

A

Pulmonic & aortic valves, between ventricles and great arteries

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12
Q

What are chordae tendonae?

A

tendon-like attachments that prevent valves from prolapsing into atria during ventricular
contraction.

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13
Q

Which valve only has 2 cusps?

A

Mitral has two cusps (bicuspid), others have three

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14
Q

What 2 structures initiate the heart beat and coordinate contraction?

A
  • Sinoatrial Node (SA)

- Atrioventricular Node (AV)

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15
Q

Where is the SA node located?

A

R. Atrium (highly regulated by autonomic nervous system and many humoral factors)

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16
Q

What is the function of the AV node?

A

between atria and ventricles, slows conduction to allow atrial contraction to precede ventricular contraction

17
Q

What is the His-Purkinje system?

A

specialized cells that rapidly conduct depolarization to trigger coordinated ventricular contraction.

18
Q

T or F: The cardiac cells have more time for perfusion at high HR

A

False, less time for perfusion at higher heart rates since most coronary blood flow occur during diastole

19
Q

Coronary veins drain into what structure?

A

Coronary sinus

20
Q

This structure bifurcates to left anterior descending (LAD) artery and circumflex artery

A

left main coronary artery, primary blood supply to left atrium and left ventricle

21
Q

This structure is the primary blood supply to right atrium and right ventricle, as well as posterior
part of left ventricle

A

right coronary artery

22
Q

Describe blood flow through the heart starting with deoxygenated blood as it enters the heart.

A

superior & inferior venae cavae -> right atrium -> Right atrium contracts, increased pressure pushes open tricuspid valve ->blood enters right ventricle, Right ventricle contracts ->pushes open pulmonic valve -> blood enters pulmonary circulation via pulmonary arteries ->Oyxgenated blood returning from lungs in pulmonary veins enters ->left atrium, Left atrium contracts ->pushes open mitral valve -> blood enters left ventricle, Left ventricle contracts -> pushes open aortic valve ->blood enters systemic circulation via aorta.

23
Q

Diameter of Aorta

A

25 mm

24
Q

Characteristics of Arteries

A
  • thick walled, resist expansion
  • diameter ~ 0.2-6.0 mm,
  • distribute blood to different organs
25
Q

Characteristics of Arterioles

A
  • relatively thicker walls (more vascular smooth muscle)
  • diameter ~ 10-70 um
  • highly innervated by autonomic nerves, circulating hormones, and local metabolites
  • primary site of regulation of vascular resistance, via changes in diameter
26
Q

Characteristics of capillaries

A
  • smallest vessels (walls just single layer of epithelial cells, no smooth muscle)
  • diameter <10 um; huge total surface area
  • primary site of gas & nutrient exchange with interstitial fluid
27
Q

Characteristics of Venules/veins

A
  • thin walls relative to diameter compared to equivalent-sized arteries (but still some
    smooth muscle), not much elasticity
  • diameter ~ 20 um – 0.5 cm
  • Primary capacitance vessels of the body (most of blood volume)
  • one-way valves compensate for lower pressure in venous system to ensure blood flows only in the correct direction
28
Q

Diameter of Vena cavae

A

25-30 mm

29
Q

List the 3 layers of arterial walls

A
  • Tunica adventitia (outer layer, mostly connective tissue)
  • Tunica media (middle, mostly innervated vasculars mooth muscle)
  • Tunica intima (inner layer of vessel lined with vascular endothelium)
30
Q

T or F: Tunica media is present in capillaries

A

False

31
Q

Where is the site of atherosclerotic plaque formation?

A

Tunica intima

32
Q

describe the histology of blood vessels

A

Just kidding hehe

33
Q

Define microcirculation

A

vasculature from the first-order arterioles to the venules

34
Q

What is the function of capillaries

A

siteofgas,nutrient,andwasteexchange.

35
Q

What governs movement of substances between capillaries and tissue?

A

concentration and pressure gradients (highly

regulated via constriction/dilation of arterioles & precapillary sphincters)

36
Q

What are precapillary sphincters?

A

smooth muscle bands at junction of arteriole and

capillaries

CVPR Unit 1 (27 decks)

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