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Cardio Physiology > Overview > Flashcards

Overview Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main site of TPR?

A

arterioles

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2
Q

What contains most blood under resting conditions?

A

veins

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3
Q

What is another way MAP can be calculated (other than 2xdiastolic+systolic/3)?

A

MAP = DBP + 1/3 difference between SBP and DBP

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4
Q

What does vasoconstriction do to TPR and MAP?

A

increase

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5
Q

What is resistance to blood flow directly proportional to?

A

blood viscosity and length of blood vessel

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6
Q

How is resistance to blood flow related to radius of blood vessel?

A

inversely to the power of 4

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7
Q

Are vascular smooth muscles controlled by extrinsic or intrinsic factors?

A

Both

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8
Q

What is it called when the vascular smooth muscles are partially constricted at rest?

A

vasomotor tone

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9
Q

What is vasomotor tone caused by?

A

by tonic discharge of sympathetic nerves resulting in continuous release of noradernaline

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10
Q

What will increased sympathetic discharge do?

A

it will increase the vasomotor tone resulting in vasoconstriction

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11
Q

“There is no significant parasympathetic innervation of arterial smooth muscles” - what are the exceptions to this?

A

exceptions are penis and clitoris

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12
Q

What hormone is involved in exstrinsic control of vascular smooth muscle?

A

adrenaline

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13
Q

Adrenaline acting on what receptors causes vasoconstriction?

A

alpha

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14
Q

Adrenaline acting on what receptors causes vasodilation?

A

beta

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15
Q

Where are alpha receptors predominant?

A

skin, gut, kidney arterioles

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16
Q

Where are beta receptors predominant?

A

cardiac and skeletal muscle arterioles

17
Q

What helps with strategic redistribution of blood e.g. during exercise?

A

Extrinsic stimulation of vascular smooth muscle by adrenaline

18
Q

What other hormones affect vascular smooth muscle?

A 
Angiotensin II: causes vasoconstriction
Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin): causes vasoconstriction
19
Q

Which type, intrinsic or extrinsic, can override the control of the other?

A

instrinsic

20
Q

Which metabolic changes cause vasodilation?

A

Decreased local PO2

Increased local PCO2

Increased local [H+] (decreased pH)

Increased extra-cellular [K+]

Increased osmolality of ECF

Adenosine release (from ATP)

21
Q

Which local chemical (humural agents) cause vasodilation?

A

Histamine
Prostaglandins
Bradykinin
Nitric Oxide (NO)

22
Q

Which chemical agent is continuously released by endothelial cells of arteries and arterioles from the amino acid L-arginine?

A

Nitric Oxide

23
Q

Does NO have a short or long half life?

A

short (a few seconds)

24
Q

What causes activation of nitric oxide synthase?

A

increased FLOW and release of calcium in vascular endothelial cells

25
Q

where does nitric oxide diffuse and what does it do there?

A

from the vascular endothelium into the adjacent smooth muscle cells where it activates the formation of cGMP that serves as a second messenger for signalling smooth muscle relaxation

26
Q

Which humoral agents cause vasoconstriction?

A

Serotonin
Thromboxane A2
Leukotrienes
Endothelin

27
Q

What stimulates production of endothelin?

A

angiotensin II and vasopressin

28
Q

Does the cold cause vasoconstriction or vasodilation?

A

Vasoconstriction

29
Q

What is the myogenic response to stress and what tissues is it important in?

A

If MAP rises resistance vessels automatically constrict to limit flow
If MAP falls resistance vessels automatically dilate to increase flow
Important in tissues like brain and kidneys

30
Q

What does “shear stress” response mean?

A

Dilatation of arterioles causes sheer stress in the arteries upstream to make them dilate. This increases blood flow to metabolically active tissues

31
Q

What does increased venomotor tone do to venous return?

A

increases

32
Q

What does contraction of muscles aid?

A

venous return

33
Q

Does sympathetic stimulation cause slop of pacemaker cells to increase or decrease?

A

increase

34
Q

What does sympathetic nerve contraction do to Frank Starling Curve?

A

shifted to LEFT

Cardio Physiology (6 decks)

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