OVERALL REVIEW- EXAM 1

Question 1

what is the cell membrane?

Answer 1

a barrier that seperates a cell from the external enviroment, and allows materials in and out if the cell

Question 2

the cell membrane behaves like a what?

Answer 2

fluid mosaic model

Question 3

what does mosaic mean?

Answer 3

smaller parts making up a whole

Question 4

what is in the cell membrane?

Answer 4

extrinsic proteins, intrinsic proteins, cholesterol, phospholipids,

Question 5

describe the structure of a phospholipid.

Answer 5

polar head, phosphate, glycerol, two fatty acid non-polar tails

Question 6

the _______is hydrophillic, and the ______ is hydrophobic

Answer 6

head, tail

Question 7

what do extrinsic, and intrinsic proteins do?

Answer 7

act as markers, receptors, and controlls points to regulate cell attachment, and growth

Question 8

what do INTRINSIC proteins specialize in doing?

Answer 8

acting as gateways for larger, polar molecules.

Question 9

whats the diffrence between the cell wall, and cell membrane

Answer 9

the cell wall is in plants, cell membrane is in humans

Question 10

what does CHOLESTEROL do in the bilayer?

Answer 10

provides rigidity to the cell membrane, allowing for a more smooth movement

Question 11

what are two basic functions of the cell wall?

Answer 11

• provides the plant and fungi with rigidity
• protects from injury, and dehydration

Question 12

name the four parts of the cell wall

Answer 12

middle lamella, primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, cell membrane, plasmodesmata

Question 13

what are the TWO DIFFRENT categories that CELLULAR TRANSPORT can be seperated into?

Answer 13

passive transport, active transport

Question 14

what are the different types of PASSIVE TRANSPORT?

Answer 14

-Facilitated Diffusion
-Simple diffusion
-Osmosis

Question 15

what is DIFFUSION?

Answer 15

the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration, to an area of low concentration

Question 16

how does the cell membrane help maintain HOMEOSTASIS?

Answer 16

regulating what substances may enter or exit the cell

Question 17

differenciate between simple diffusion, and facilitated diffusion.

Answer 17

facilitated diffusion has intrinsic proteins to help the molecules pass through the celll membrane

Question 18

name all the regulations for molecules passing through in SIMPLE DIFFUSION

Answer 18

MUST BE:
- non polar
- small enough
- the right shape

Question 19

T or F, facilitated diffusion is SLOWER than simple diffusion

Answer 19

F

Question 20

what are the FOUR FACTORS that affect diffusion?

Answer 20

• Tempurature, higher temp, faster diffusion
• Concentration, again higher = faster
• lipid solubility (polar, non polar)
• size + shape

Question 21

what is OSMOSIS

Answer 21

the passing of water molecules through a semi-permeable membrane, moving from a area of higher water conc. to a area of lower water conc.

Question 22

what would happen if there was no membrane present in OSMOSIS?

Answer 22

the molecules would move due to simple diffusion

Question 23

what are the THREE TYPES OF OSMOTIC SOLUTIONS?

Answer 23

isotonic, Hypotonic, Hypertonic

Question 24

explain: ISOTONIC

Answer 24

the SOLUTE concentration OUTSIDE the cell is equal to the concentration In the cell

Question 25

explain: HYPOTONIC

Answer 25

the WATER concentration outside the cell is HIGHER than the concentration inside the cell, a net movement of water is going IN the cell.

Question 26

what would happen if cells didnt have HYPOTONIC solutions?

Answer 26

they would swell up and burst

Question 27

explain: HYPERTONIC

Answer 27

the water concentration outside the cell is lower than the concentration inside the cell. the net movement of water is flowing OUT the cell

Question 28

describe: ACTIVE TRANSPORT

Answer 28

energy-requiring movement of molecules across a reigon of LOWER concentration to an are of HIGHER concentration

Question 29

T or F, in active transport, intrinsic proteins can help

Answer 29

T

Question 30

what do the carrier proteins serve as?

Answer 30

pumps, because they move substances against the flow of diffusion

Question 31

what is active transport powered by?

Answer 31

chemical energy

Question 32

why do cells use active transport?

Answer 32

to maintain homeostasis, and store potential energy

Question 33

what is the other type of active transport?

Answer 33

ENDOCYTOSIS

Question 34

what is ENDOCYTOSIS used for?

Answer 34

to take in large molecules which cant enter through intrinsic proteins

Question 35

what are the TWO TYPES of endocytosis?

Answer 35

Phagocytosis (for food), and Pinocytosis (for liquid)

Question 36

what is the inside of the ER called?

Answer 36

the LUMEN

Question 37

what is the ER made out of?

Answer 37

a phospholipid bilayer, with a cytoskeleton, microtubules, and microfibers.

Question 38

what is attached to the rough ER's pores

Answer 38

ribosomes

Question 39

what does the SMOOTH ER make?

Answer 39

lipids and steroids

Question 40

where will proteins be folded?

Answer 40

the rough ER

Question 41

after folded, where will proteins move into?

Answer 41

the smooth ER

Question 42

describe what happens in: SMOOTH ER

Answer 42

proteins, steroids, hormones get packaged into vesicles and then sent to the GOLGI APPARATUS

Question 43

describe what happens in: GOLGI APPARATUS

Answer 43

vesicles will merge, and will form a structure called the cis-cistern

Question 44

T or F, the Cis-cistern is a part of the GOLGI APPARATUS

Answer 44

T

Question 45

what are all three cisterns called?

Answer 45

ciscisten, medial cistern, trans cistern

Question 46

what happens in the TRANS SISTERN

Answer 46

particles are wrapped into vesicles, and leave through EXOCYTOSIS