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Z: GCSE Biology > Overall quick tests > Flashcards

Overall quick tests Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a chromosome?

A

A long strand of DNA

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2
Q

What are alleles?

A

Different versions of the same gene

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3
Q

What is meant by a carrier of a genetic disease?

A

Someone who could possibly pass on the disease to a child, but doesn’t have it themselves.

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4
Q

What is a phenotype? (HT)

A

The characteristics that an individual shows

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5
Q

Why will someone with only one allele for Huntington’s disease definitely develop the disease?

A

Because the allele for Huntington’s disease is dominant.

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6
Q

Give some symptoms of cystic fibrosis.

A
  • Weight loss
  • Breathing difficulty
  • Chest infection
  • Difficulty digesting food
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7
Q

Why are genetic tests carried out on fetuses?

A

To see if the fetus has any faulty genes/alleles

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8
Q

What is a stem cell?

A

An unspecialised cell

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9
Q

A stem cell taken from bone marrow is what type of stem cell?

A

A adult stem cell

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10
Q

What type of microorganism cant be treated with antibiotics?

A

Virus

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11
Q

Which 3 conditions are ideally needed for microorganisms to grow rapidly?

A
  • Warmth
  • Moisture
  • Nutrients (food)
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12
Q

Which type of blood cell ‘fights’ microorganisms?

A

White blood cell

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13
Q

What are the unique markers on the cell surface of a microorganism called?

A

Antigens

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14
Q

Why are microorganisms like MRSA often called ‘superbugs’?

A

They are resistant to anitbiotics

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15
Q

Why is the heart called a double pump?

A

The left and right sides of the heart pump blood to different parts of the body

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16
Q

What is measured by the higher number in a blood pressure reading?

A

Pressure as the heart is contracting

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17
Q

What is the name of the process that maintains the internal conditions in the body?

A

Homeostatis

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18
Q

What is meant by a species?

A

Similar individuals capable of interbreeding to produce fertile offspring

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19
Q

How are cactus leaves adapted to reduce water loss by evaporation?

A

The leaves are reduced to spines

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20
Q

What does a food chain show?

A

Feeding relationships between organisms

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21
Q

What is the ultimate source or energy for the Earth?

A

The Sun

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22
Q

What is a heterotroph?

A

An animal that consumes other organisms

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23
Q

What do detritivores feed on? (HT)

A

Dead organisms

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24
Q

What process removes carbon dioxide from the air?

A

Photosynthesis

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25
Q

What is natural selection?

A

When individuals have characteristics that suit their environment/increase their chances of survival in an environment

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26
Q

Name the scientist who suggested the theory of natural selection.

A

Charles Darwin

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27
Q

What is meant by ‘sustainability’?

A

Meeting people’s needs without damaging the Earth’s environment for future generations

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28
Q

What do nitrogen-fixing bacteria do? (HT)

A

Remove nitrogen from the air

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29
Q

What process in bacteria breaks down nitrates to nitrogen? (HT)

A

Denitrification

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30
Q

What is the function of mitochondria in a cell?

A

They contain enzymes for aerobic respiration

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31
Q

What are 3 structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells?

A
  • Cell wall
  • Chloroplasts
  • Permanent vacuole
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32
Q

What are enzymes?

A

Protein molecules that speed up reactions in cells/act as catalysts in living things

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33
Q

What is respiration?

A

The release of energy (from food chemicals) in all living cells

34
Q

How is anaerobic respiration different from aerobic respiration?

A

Anaerobic respiration doesn’t use oxygen whereas aerobic does use oxygen

35
Q

What word describes an enzyme’s structure when it’s destroyed? (HT)

A

Denatured

36
Q

What is the green pigment that absorbs light energy in a plant cell?

A

Chlorophyll

37
Q

What is the waste product of photosynthesis?

A

Oxygen

38
Q

What do plants needs from the soil to add to glucose to make amino acids?

A

Nitrates

39
Q

What is a transect?

A
  • A random section across an area

- A representative area to sample

40
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of substances from a region of high to low concentration

41
Q

What is the only substance moved by osmosis?

A

Water

42
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of similar cells to perform a function

43
Q

Name the process by which body cells divide to produce new identical cells.

A

Mitosis

44
Q

Where are gametes produced in the body?

A
  • Testes

- Ovaries

45
Q

What is the name of the single cell produced after the fertilisation of an egg cell by a sperm cell?

A

Zygote

46
Q

What is the missing word?

Adenine, cytosine, thymine and guanine are the four _______ in a DNA molecule.

A

bases

47
Q

What carries genetic information from the DNA in the nucleus to the cytoplasm? (HT)

A

Messenger RNA (mRNA)

48
Q

What is the name given to the areas of plants where growth occurs?

A

Meristems

49
Q

Which tubes carry water up a plant?

A

Xylem (vessels)

50
Q

Which tubes carry dissolved food in a plant?

A

Phloem

51
Q

What is needed for a cutting from a plant to develop roots?

A

Hormone/Auxin

52
Q

Plants grow towards light. What is this called?

A

Phototropism

53
Q

What is a stimulus?

A

A change in an organism’s environment

54
Q

What type of neuron carries impulses from the central nervous system to an effector such as a muscle?

A

Motor neuron

55
Q

What is the name of the gap between two neurons?

A

Synapse

56
Q

What is the name of the long fibre attached to the cell body in a motor neuron?

A

Axon

57
Q

What is a reflex action?

A

A fast, automatic, involuntary response to a stimulus

58
Q

What is the name given to the type of action when the final response has no direct connection to the stimulus?

A

Conditioned reflex action

59
Q

What develop in the human brain to allow learning from experience, e.g. language?

A

Neuron pathways

60
Q

Which part of the brain is most concerned with intelligence and memory?

A

Cerebral cortex

61
Q

Name the technique that produces images of cross-sections of the brain.

A

MRI (Magnetic Resonance Imaging)

62
Q

What is memory?

A

The ability to store an retrieve information

63
Q

What is the ‘type’ of memory when the brain only stores information for a limited time?

A

Short-term memory

64
Q

How do drugs like ecstasy and prozac affect the nervous system?

A

They affect the passage of an impulse across a synapse

65
Q

What are the tough, fibrous tissues that connect bone to muscle?

A

Tendons

66
Q

What are the pair of muscles that work opposite to each other called?

A

Antagonistic pairs

67
Q

Give the formula for working out body mass index (BMI).

A

BMI = body mass (kg) / [height (m)] squared

68
Q

Give the main symptoms of a sprain.

A
  • Swelling
  • Redness
  • Pain at the joint
  • Warmth
69
Q

What is the function of red blood cells?

A

They carry oxygen around the body

70
Q

Name the main artery carrying blood from the heart to the rest of the body (not to the lungs).

A

Aorta

71
Q

How does shivering help to raise your body temperature?

A

Heat is released into the blood as a result of increased respiration

72
Q

Name the hormone that’s released to cause sugar to be taken from the blood by cells.

A

Insulin

73
Q

What is the difference between type 1 and type 2 diabetes?

A

Type 1 occurs when the pancreas stops producing insulin, whereas type 2 occurs when the body stops responding to its own insulin or doesnt make enough insulin

74
Q

Why are complex carbohydrates more likely to maintain body sugar levels than simple carbohydrates?

A

Complex carbohydrates release sugar more slowly, whereas simple carbohydrates release it rapidly

75
Q

Why does the removal of trees and vegetation cause soil erosion?

A

The roots bind the soil together and without them the soil is washed away. The leaves also protect the soil from direct rainfall.

76
Q

Why is there no waste in a perfect closed loop system?

A

Any waste output is used as input in another part of the system

77
Q

Why are decomposer organisms, such as fungi, so important to ecosystems?

A

They break down waste materials and dead organisms so the products can be recycled

78
Q

How does the use of quotas in sea fishing help to sustain stocks?

A

It allows fish to remain and reproduce to increase populations

79
Q

What are containers of growing microorganisms that make products useful to industry, e.g. enzymes, called?

A

Fermenters

80
Q

What is genetic modification?

A

Changing the genetic make-up/genotype of an organism

81
Q

What is nanotechnology?

A

The science of working with extremely small structures

82
Q

What are unspecialised cells that have the potential to become any specialised cell called?

A

Stem cells

Z: GCSE Biology (11 decks)

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