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Z: GCSE Physics > Overall quick test > Flashcards

Overall quick test Flashcards

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1
Q

Give three reasons why geologists didn’t accept Wagner’s theory.

A

Any three from: he wasn’t a geologist, supporting evidence was limited, it could be explained more simply, the movement of continents wasn’t detectable.

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2
Q

What provides the heat in the Earth’s core?

A

The decay of radioactive elements

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3
Q

What evidence do scientists study to obtain information about the Earth’s age?

A

Fossils of plants and animals, and radioactivity of rocks

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4
Q

What type of wave, generated by an earthquake, travels through the liquid outer core of the Earth?

A

P-waves

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5
Q

In plate movement, old rock is destroyed by which process? (HT)

A

Subduction

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6
Q

What two factors produce rock stripes of alternating polarity? (HT)

A

Deep-floor spreading and the changing polarity of the Earth’s magnetic field every million year.

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7
Q

What type of wave is a sound wave?

A

Longitudinal

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8
Q

A water wave has a frequency of 5 hertz and a wavelength of 0.1m. What is the speed of the wave?

A

0.5m/s

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9
Q

What is a student describing if they tell you the number of waves produced each second?

A

Frequency

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10
Q

A station broadcasts signals at a frequency of 30MHz. If the speed of light is 3 x 10 {8} m/s, what is the wavelength? (HT)

A

10m

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11
Q

What is the difference between moons and asteroids?

A

Moons orbit planes; asteroids orbit the Sun

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12
Q

What two methods are used to measure the distance of stars?

A

Relative brightness and parallax

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13
Q

How is the wavelength of light changed if the source of light is moving away?

A

The wavelength increases (red shift)

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14
Q

Why is it hard to predict the fate of the Universe?

A

The amount of mass in the Universe is hard to measure

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15
Q

How do spectra give evidence for red shift? (HT)

A

They’re displaced towards the red end of the spectrum

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16
Q

What is the relationship between the distance of galaxies and the speed at which they’re moving away? (HT)

A

They’re proportional to one another

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17
Q

Which proton transfers the most energy: infrared or ultraviolet?

A

Ultraviolet

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18
Q

Name 3 ionising radiations.

A

Ultraviolet radiation; gamma; x rays

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19
Q

Give 2 ways in which radiation can damage cells.

A

Any 2 from: the heating effect (sunburn); it can cause ageing of the skin; it can cause mutations; it can cause radiation poisoning

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20
Q

What is the ozone layer?

A

A thin layer of gas in the Earth’s upper atmosphere that absorbs some of the sun’s harmful ultraviolet radiation

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21
Q

How does the radiation emitted by the Earth compare with that emitted by the Sun? (HT)

A

The radiation from the Earth has a lower principal frequency

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22
Q

Give 3 reasons why the intensity of a beam of photons decreases the distance.

A

Some photons are scattered and reflected by other particles; some photons are absorbed by particles; photons spread out as they travel

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23
Q

What change in the Earth’s atmosphere causes global warming?

A

An increase in the percentage of greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide, in the atmosphere

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24
Q

Why is optic fibre useful when sending infrared and light radiation?

A

They can travel huge distances without becoming significantly

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25
Q

What is noise?

A

Unwanted frequencies in a signal (random variations)

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26
Q

How is an analogue signal different from a digital one?

A

Analogue signals can have any value; digital signals only have two (‘1’ or ‘0’)

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27
Q

Why doesn’t noise affect digital signals? (HT)

A

Even with noise, it’s clear which parts of the signal represent 1 and 0, so it can be regenerated without noise

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28
Q

How is data, collected about the Earth’s changing temperature, used? (HT)

A

It is used with climate models to look for patterns in the possible causes of global warming

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29
Q

Why is electricity distributed through National Grid at high voltage?

A

To reduce the energy losses

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30
Q

Name five primary energy sources used to generate electricity.

A

Any five from: coal; gas;oil; nuclear; wind; water (hydroelectric, tidal, wave); solar; biofuel

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31
Q

The burning of fossil fuels releases carbon dioxide into the atmosphere. What to problems does this contribute to?

A

Global warming; climate change

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32
Q

How is a voltage induced between the ends of a coil?

A

By rotating a magnet near the coil

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33
Q

What are the three forms of energy that are involved in a hydroelectric power station?

A

Potential energy; kinetic energy; electrical energy

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34
Q

How much energy is transferred by a 60W lamp in 3 seconds?

A

180J

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35
Q

How efficient is an electric motor that uses 400J/s to give 100J/s of useful energy?

A

25%

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36
Q

An electric fire was left on for 30 minutes and the total energy transferred was 1.5kWh. What is the power rating of the fire? (HT)

A

3kW

37
Q

A student plots a speed-time graph. The graph gives a horizontal straight line. What does that tell you about the acceleration?

A

It was zero - the speed was constant

38
Q

A man walks North at 2m/s for 10 seconds, then rests for another 20s. What is his displacement? (HT)

A

20m North

39
Q

With a rocket, the engine pushes gas backwards. What is the name of that force?

A

Action

40
Q

A force of 12N acts on a truck for two seconds. What is the change in momentium?

A

24kg m/s

41
Q

Give 3 examples of safety devices used in cars.

A

Crumple zone; seat belt; air bag

42
Q

A cyclist of mass 60kg is moving at a speed of 4m/s. How much kinetic energy does the cyclist have?

A

1/2 (half) x 60 x 4{2} = 480J

43
Q

A person weighing 800N gains 16,000J of gravitational potential energy as they’re carried up in a lift. How high did they go? (HT)

A

20m

44
Q

A person has 800J of kinetic energy. If they have a mass of 100kg, how fast are they travelling? (HT)

A

4m/s

45
Q

If a Perspex rod is rubbed with a cloth, it loses electrons. What charge will the rod now have?

A

Positive

46
Q

If a battery of 12V is connected across a bulb and a current of 3A flows through it, what is the resistance of the bulb?

A

4 omega sign thing

47
Q

How could the relationship between the current and voltage across a component be described if the resistance is constant?

A

They’re proportional

48
Q

A 12V batery is connected across a resistor of resistance 24(omega sign thing). What current flows? (HT)

A

0.5A

49
Q

Why does a component heat up when a current flows? (HT)

A

There are more collisions between the flowing electrons and the vibrating ions, giving a higher resistance. This leads to more heat being produced by the resistor

50
Q

What principle do generators use to generate electricity?

A

The principle of electromagnetic induction

51
Q

What is the power of a 12V lamp in a circuit where a 0.5A current flows?

A

6W

52
Q

In a transformer, what induces a voltage across the secondary coil?

A

A changing magnetic field

53
Q

A transformer has a primary coil of 200 turns. If the transformer changes 12V to 240V, how many turns must be on the secondary coil? (HT)

A

4000 turns

54
Q

A 60W light bulb has a 240V power supply connected across it. What current flows? (HT)

A

0.25A

55
Q

What particles are found in the nucleus?

A

Protons and neutrons

56
Q

Name the three types of ionising radiation.

A

Alpha;Beta;Gamma

57
Q

What is the type of radiation that passes through paper but is stopped by 3mm of aluminium?

A

Beta

58
Q

Give 2 sources of background radiation.

A

Any two from: radon gas; medical; food; cosmic rays; gamma rays; nuclear industry

59
Q

What is meant by the term ‘half-life’?

A

The time it takes for the radioactivity to halve

60
Q

Describe an alpha particle? (HT)

A

An alpha particle is a helium nucleus and consists of 2 protons and two neutrons

61
Q

A radioactive source has an activity of 288 counts per minute and a half-life of 6 hours. What will the activity be after 24 hours? (HT)

A

18 counts per minute

62
Q

If a radioactive nucleus emits a beta particle, how does the nucleus change? (HT)

A

It has one more proton and one less neutron than the original nucleus

63
Q

How is intermediate-level waste stored?

A

It is mixed with concrete and stored in big containers

64
Q

What particles were used to bombard the gold foil in the Rutherford-Geigar-Marsden experiment?

A

Alpha particles

65
Q

What conclusion was made about the nucleus from the Rutherford-Geigar-Marsden experiment?

A

Gold atoms (and therefore all atoms) consisted of mainly empty space with a small, dense core called the nucleus. The charge on the nucleus was positive.

66
Q

What element is used in control rods in a nuclear reactor? (HT)

A

Boron

67
Q

What elements can be used in a nuclear power station fuel rod? (HT)

A

Uranium or plutonium

68
Q

What makes the stars appear to move from east to west?

A

The rotation of the Earth from west to east

69
Q

What two angles describe the positions of a star?

A

The angles of declination and right ascension

70
Q

What is a lunar eclipse?

A

When the Earth passes directly between the Sun and the Moon, casting a shadow onto the moon

71
Q

What is a sidereal day? (HT)

A

The time taken for the Earth to rotate 360 degrees on its axis

72
Q

Why don’t eclipses occur every month? (HT)

A

The Moon doesn’t orbit the Earth in the same plane as the Earth orbits the Sun

73
Q

What changes when waves cross the boundary between one medium and another and are refracted?

A

The speed of the wave and the wavelength

74
Q

What is the power of a lens with a focal length of 0.2m?

A

power = 1 / 0.2 = 5 dioptres

75
Q

Why is a mirror usually used in an astronomical telescope?

A

It can be made larger than a lens and therefore gathers more light. This gives greater detail in the image

76
Q

A refracting telescope has a magnification of x3. If the focal length of the objective lens is 0.6m, what is the focal length of the eyepiece? (HT)

A

0.2m

77
Q

What 2 things does the observed intensity of a star depend on?

A

Luminosity and the distance from the Earth

78
Q

What does the brightness of a Cepheid variable depend on?

A

The frequency/period of the pulses

79
Q

What did Shapley believe about the Universe?

A

That the universe contained only one big galaxy

80
Q

What did Edwin Hubble discover about the Universe by observing Cepheid variable stars in distant galaxies?

A

That the universe is expanding

81
Q

A nearby galaxy is 0.88Mpc from Earth. If the Hubble constant is 70kn s{-1} Mpc{-1}, what is the speed of recession? (HT)

A

distance x hubble constant = speed of recession

  1. 88Mpc x 70km s{-1} Mpc {-1} = speed of recession
  2. 6km/s = speed of recession
82
Q

How can Cepheid variables be used to estimate the star’s luminosity? (HT)

A

By measuring the frequency of the pulses

83
Q

What two things does the pressure of a gas depend on?

A

The number of collisions per second betewen the particles and the walls of the container; the momentum of the particles.

84
Q

What is the value of absolute zero?

A

-273 degrees celsius

85
Q

How is energy transferred from the core of a star to the photosphere?

A

By convection and photons of radiation

86
Q

What information can be obtained by examining the Sun’s spectrum?

A

The elements present in the SUn

87
Q

What element is mainly present in the core of a star that becomes a supernova?

A

Iron

88
Q

In the Hertzsprung-Russell diagram, what two types of star don’t appear in the main sequence?

A

White dwarfs and red giants (accept red supergiants

89
Q

The speed of light 3 x 10{8}m/s. How much mass must a star lose to radiate 1.8 x 10{17} joules of energy? (HT)

A

2kg

Z: GCSE Physics (9 decks)

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